{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:38:53Z","timestamp":1787960333183,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]],"date-time":"2019-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HHSN275200503400C and  HHSN275201300017C"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HHSN275200503400C and  HHSN275201300017C"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study shows for the first time that an iminosugar exerts anti-spermiogenic effect, inducing reversible infertility in a species that is not related to C57BL\/6 male mice. In CD rats, N-butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin (NB-DGJ) caused reversible infertility at 150 mg\/kg\/day when administered daily as single oral dose. NB-DGJ inhibited CD rat-derived testicular \u03b2-glucosidase 2 (GBA2) activity at 10 \u00b5M but did not inhibit CD rat-derived testicular ceramide-specific glucosyltransferase (CGT) at doses up to 1000 \u00b5M. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that sufficient plasma levels of NB-DGJ (50 \u00b5M) were achieved to inhibit the enzyme. Fertility was blocked after 35 days of treatment and reversed one week after termination of treatment. The rapid return of fertility indicates that the major effect of NB-DGJ may be epididymal rather than testicular. Collectively, our in vitro and in vivo studies in rats suggest that iminosugars should continue to be pursued as potential lead compounds for development of oral, non-hormonal male contraceptives. The study also adds evidence that GBA2, and not CGT, is the major target for the contraceptive effect of iminosugars.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010301","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T04:43:03Z","timestamp":1578026583000},"page":"301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["N-Butyldeoxygalactonojirimycin Induces Reversible Infertility in Male CD Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8915-3393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vijayalaxmi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheri A.","family":"Hild","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Reproductive Endocrinology and Toxicology, BIOQUAL, Inc., Rockville, MD 20850, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sudhakar R.","family":"Jakkaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erick J.","family":"Carlson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Henry L.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. Leigh","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8900-9460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunda I.","family":"Georg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55414, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph S.","family":"Tash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oudshoorn, N. 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