{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:52:43Z","timestamp":1791222763862,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]],"date-time":"2020-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577923200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Research Council (TRC) of Oman","award":["RC\/MED\/BIOC\/15\/01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RC\/MED\/BIOC\/15\/01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Postmenopausal women have an increased risk of developing CVD due to decreased estrogen availability, which is accompanied by increased oxidative stress. Serum free thiols (R-SH) provide a robust and powerful read-out of systemic oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to establish serum levels of free thiols and explore associations between free thiols and demographic, clinical, and biochemical parameters related to obesity and the risk for developing CVD in both pre- and postmenopausal women. Serum free thiols were measured in a cohort consisting of healthy pre- (n = 223) and postmenopausal (n = 118) Omani women. Postmenopausal women had significantly lower levels of serum free thiols as compared to premenopausal women (762.9 \u00b1 85.3 vs. 780 \u00b1 80.9 \u03bcM, age-adjusted p &lt; 0.001). Women\u2032s age was positively associated with serum free thiol levels in premenopausal women (\u03b2 = 0.36, p = 0.002), whereas an inverse association was observed in postmenopausal women (\u03b2 = \u22120.29, p = 0.002). Homocysteine levels were significantly inversely associated with serum free thiol levels in both pre- (\u03b2 = \u22120.19, p = 0.005) and postmenopausal (\u03b2 = \u22120.20, p = 0.032) women, independent from known cardiovascular risk factors. In this study, we show that postmenopausal women are affected by increased systemic oxidative stress, which independently associates with homocysteine levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,3]],"date-time":"2020-01-03T04:43:03Z","timestamp":1578026583000},"page":"314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Systemic Oxidative Stress Is Increased in Postmenopausal Women and Independently Associates with Homocysteine Levels"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5754-3821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arno R.","family":"Bourgonje","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3766-2238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amaal Eman","family":"Abdulle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areej M.","family":"Al-Rawas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muna","family":"Al-Maqbali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohsin","family":"Al-Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marvin B.","family":"Enriquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3336-9093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sultan","family":"Al-Siyabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khamis","family":"Al-Hashmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Intisar","family":"Al-Lawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marian L. C.","family":"Bulthuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douwe J.","family":"Mulder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanne J.","family":"Gordijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics &amp; Gynecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6670-1577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harry","family":"van Goor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Section Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jumana","family":"Saleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine &amp; Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 35, Al-Khoud 123, Muscat, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1097\/WOX.0b013e3182439613","article-title":"Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense","volume":"5","author":"Birben","year":"2012","journal-title":"World Allergy Organ. J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7083","article-title":"The Reactive Species Interactome: Evolutionary Emergence, Biological Significance, and Opportunities for Redox Metabolomics and Personalized Medicine","volume":"27","author":"Koning","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2015.6247","article-title":"The Redox Code","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox. 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