{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:03:35Z","timestamp":1790017415456,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]],"date-time":"2020-01-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the risk of delayed neurodegenerative processes, including Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Interleukin-1beta (IL-1\u03b2), a key pro-inflammatory cytokine, may promote secondary injury development after TBI. Conversely, neutralizing IL-1\u03b2 was found to improve functional recovery following experimental TBI. However, the mechanisms underlying the behavioral improvements observed by IL-1\u03b2 neutralization are still poorly understood. The present study investigated the role of IL-1\u03b2 on the microglia response and neuronal changes in the globus pallidus in response to diffuse TBI. Mice were subjected to sham injury or the central fluid percussion injury (cFPI) (a model of traumatic axonal injury), and were randomly administered an IL-1\u03b2 neutralizing or a control antibody at 30 min post-injury. The animals were analyzed at 2, 7, or 14 days post-injury. When compared to controls, mice subjected to cFPI TBI had increased microglia activation and dopaminergic innervation in the globus pallidus, and a decreased number of parvalbumin (PV) positive interneurons in the globus pallidus. Neutralization of IL-1\u03b2 attenuated the microglia activation, prevented the loss of PV+ interneurons and normalized dopaminergic fiber density in the globus pallidus of brain-injured animals. These findings argue for an important role for neuro-inflammation in the PD-like pathology observed in TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,9]],"date-time":"2020-01-09T03:07:11Z","timestamp":1578539231000},"page":"387","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Interleukin-1 Beta Neutralization Attenuates Traumatic Brain Injury-Induced Microglia Activation and Neuronal Changes in the Globus Pallidus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5858-864X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ilknur","family":"Ozen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karsten","family":"Ruscher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8007-455X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Laboratory for Experimental Brain Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Flygt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fredrik","family":"Clausen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9797-5626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niklas","family":"Marklund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lund Brain Injury Laboratory for Neurosurgical Research, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Section of Neurosurgery, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Neurosurgery, Lund University, 22185 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2007-22502","article-title":"The impact of traumatic brain injuries: A global perspective","volume":"22","author":"Hyder","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2016.06.018","article-title":"Neuroinflammation in animal models of traumatic brain injury","volume":"272","author":"Chiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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