{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T12:14:25Z","timestamp":1793621665063,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]],"date-time":"2020-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579478400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-\u03b1) antibodies are effective in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, the effect is not optimal because a sufficient concentration of antibodies cannot be maintained at the site of inflammation. Thus, a macromolecular complex was developed with schizophyllan (SPG) and antisense oligonucleotides. In the present study, an SPG-antisense TNF-\u03b1 complex was prepared, and its therapeutic efficacy was examined using a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis model. The TNF-\u03b1 production in CD11b+ macrophages significantly increased in the colon of DSS-treated mice. Dectin-1, a receptor of SPG, binds with SPG and is subsequently taken into the cells via phagocytosis. The expression of dectin-1 by CD11b+ macrophages significantly increased in DSS-treated mice. Flow cytometry revealed that the uptake of SPG-antisense TNF-\u03b1 in the macrophages was efficient. TNF-\u03b1 production was suppressed significantly by SPG-antisense TNF-\u03b1 in vitro, which was administered via enema to evaluate its efficacy. The intrarectal administration of SPG-antisense TNF-\u03b1 ameliorated the intestinal inflammation. In this study, we showed that the delivery system that conjugates SPG and antisense can have higher therapeutic efficacy. Thus, the new therapeutic approach presented in this study may be used in the management of IBD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21020683","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,21]],"date-time":"2020-01-21T03:04:43Z","timestamp":1579575883000},"page":"683","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Topical Therapy with Antisense Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Using Novel \u03b2-Glucan-Based Drug Delivery System Ameliorates Intestinal Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Hideto","family":"Sakisaka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hidetoshi","family":"Takedatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keiichi","family":"Mitsuyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume 830-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinichi","family":"Mochizuki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environment Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuo","family":"Sakurai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life and Environment Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu 808-0135, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shotaro","family":"Sakisaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fumihito","family":"Hirai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology and Medicine, Fukuoka University Faculty of Medicine, 7-45-1 Nanakuma, Jonan-ku, Fukuoka 814-0180, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020831","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"347","author":"Podolsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"N. 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