{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T23:01:24Z","timestamp":1767826884029,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1579824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000182","name":"Medical Research and Materiel Command","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["W81XWH-17-C-0207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["W81XWH-17-C-0207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000182","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["9 P41 GM103622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9 P41 GM103622"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Energy Office of Science","award":["DE-AC02-06CH11357"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-AC02-06CH11357"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mammalian heart valves are soft tissue assemblies with multi-scale material properties. This is because they are constructs comprising both muscle and non-contractile extracellular matrix proteins (such as collagens and proteoglycans) and transition regions where one form of tissue structure becomes another, significantly different form. The leaflets of the mitral and tricuspid valves are connected to chordae tendinae which, in turn, bind through papillary muscles to the cardiac wall of the ventricle. The transition regions between these tissue subsets are complex and diffuse. Their material composition and mechanical properties have not been previously described with both micro and nanoscopic data recorded simultaneously, as reported here. Annotating the mechanical characteristics of these tissue transitions will be of great value in developing novel implants, improving the state of the surgical simulators and advancing robot-assisted surgery. We present here developments in multi-scale methodology that produce data that can relate mechanical properties to molecular structure using scanning X-ray diffraction. We correlate these data to corresponding tissue level (macro and microscopic) stress and strain, with particular emphasis on the transition regions and present analyses to indicate points of possible failure in these tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030763","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]],"date-time":"2020-01-24T11:01:00Z","timestamp":1579863660000},"page":"763","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Advanced Methodology and Preliminary Measurements of Molecular and Mechanical Properties of Heart Valves under Dynamic Strain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9477-9171","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rama S.","family":"Madhurapantula","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"},{"name":"Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Krell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berenice","family":"Morfin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajarshi","family":"Roy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corvid Technologies, Mooresville, NC 28117, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Lister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corvid Technologies, Mooresville, NC 28117, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1050-9391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph P.R.O.","family":"Orgel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"},{"name":"Pritzker Institute of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL 60616, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)69208-8","article-title":"Burden of valvular heart diseases: A population-based study","volume":"368","author":"Nkomo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.6.610","article-title":"Competency in cardiac examination skills in medical students, trainees, physicians, and faculty: A multicenter study","volume":"166","author":"Criley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. 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