{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T05:23:22Z","timestamp":1784352202625,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580083200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan","award":["15K08208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K08208"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan","award":["15K08209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15K08209"]}]},{"name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan","award":["18K06853"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K06853"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA) plays a critical role in mucosal immunity. Chronic exposure to moderate heat induces heat acclimation, which modifies salivary functions. However, the changes in salivary IgA secretion in heat-acclimated rats are unclear. In this study, we investigated salivary IgA secretion and the expression of polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), a key mediator of mucosal IgA secretion, in the submandibular glands (SMGs) of heat-acclimated rats. Following maintenance at an ambient temperature (Ta) of 24 \u00b1 0.1 \u00b0C for 10 days, male Wistar rats were subjected to Ta of 32 \u00b1 0.2 \u00b0C for 5 days (HE group) for heat acclimation or maintained at Ta of 24 \u00b1 0.1\u00b0C (CN group). The rats were then anesthetized, pilocarpine (0.5 mg\/kg) was intraperitoneally injected, and saliva was collected. Afterward, the SMGs and plasma were sampled. The salivary IgA concentration and IgA flow rate were significantly higher in the HE group than in the CN group. Similarly, SMG pIgR expression was significantly higher in HE rats. The levels of plasma cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-5, IL-6, and interferon-\u03b3, were significantly greater in HE rats than in CN rats. Heat acclimation may enhance oral immunity through salivary IgA secretion and pIgR upregulation in the SMGs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030815","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]],"date-time":"2020-01-27T11:41:57Z","timestamp":1580125317000},"page":"815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Salivary Immunoglobulin A Secretion and Polymeric Ig Receptor Expression in the Submandibular Glands Are Enhanced in Heat-Acclimated Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5942-8840","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kentaro","family":"Matsuzaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1995-5002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naotoshi","family":"Sugimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takara-machi, Kanazawa 920-8640, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5039-6240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafiad","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail 1902, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Md Emon","family":"Hossain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4871-3934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eri","family":"Sumiyoshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2237-9651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masanori","family":"Katakura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Nutritional Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Josai University, 1-1 Keyakidai, Sakado, Saitama 350-0295, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osamu","family":"Shido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya-cho, Izumo 693-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1126\/science.177.4050.697","article-title":"Inhibition of bacterial adherence by secretory immunoglobulin A: A mechanism of antigen disposal","volume":"177","author":"Williams","year":"1972","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1384.012","article-title":"Do salivary antibodies reliably reflect both mucosal and systemic immunity?","volume":"1098","author":"Brandtzaeg","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ann. 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