{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T16:22:32Z","timestamp":1785860552904,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003825","name":"Hungarian Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MTA-TKI 14016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTA-TKI 14016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012550","name":"National Research, Development and Innovation Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K119759"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K119759"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012550","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"GINOP","award":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00050 \u201cPEPSYS\u201d"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GINOP-2.3.2-15-2016-00050 \u201cPEPSYS\u201d"]}]},{"name":"EFOP","award":["EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00008; EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009; EFOP-3.6.1.-16-2016-00004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00008; EFOP-3.6.3-VEKOP-16-2017-00009; EFOP-3.6.1.-16-2016-00004"]}]},{"name":"Hungarian Brain Research Program","award":["2017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-1.2.1-NKP-2017-00002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Traumatic brain injury remains a growing public health concern and represents the greatest contributor to death and disability globally among all trauma-related injuries. There are limited clinical data regarding biomarkers in the diagnosis and outcome prediction of TBI. The lack of real effective treatment for recovery calls for research of TBI to be shifted into the area of prevention, treatment of secondary brain injury and neurorehabilitation. The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) has been reported to act as a hormone, a neuromodulator, a neurotransmitter and a trophic factor, and has been implicated in a variety of developmental and regenerative processes. The importance of PACAP in neuronal regeneration lies in the upregulation of endogenous PACAP and its receptors and the protective effect of exogenous PACAP after different central nervous system injury. The aim of this minireview is to summarize both the therapeutic and biomarker potential of the neuropeptide PACAP, as a novel possible target molecule presently being investigated in several human conditions including TBI, and with encouraging results in animal models of TBI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]],"date-time":"2020-01-28T09:37:09Z","timestamp":1580204229000},"page":"827","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The Neuroprotective and Biomarker Potential of PACAP in Human Traumatic Brain Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9074-3478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denes","family":"Toth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, Szigeti \u00fat 12, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea","family":"Tamas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, Szigeti \u00fat 12, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dora","family":"Reglodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, MTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, University of P\u00e9cs Medical School, Szigeti \u00fat 12, H-7624 P\u00e9cs, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2010.05.017","article-title":"Position Statement: Definition of Traumatic Brain Injury","volume":"91","author":"Menon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. 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