{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,15]],"date-time":"2026-01-15T07:56:45Z","timestamp":1768463805227,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1580256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81660578, 81960636 and 81460529"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81660578, 81960636 and 81460529"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004479","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20192ACBL20020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20192ACBL20020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004479","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance has emerged as a serious threat to public health. Bacterial biofilm, as a natural lifestyle, is a major contributor to resistance to antimicrobials. Azalomycin F5a, a natural guanidine-containing polyhydroxy macrolide, has remarkable activities against Gram-positive bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, a major causative agent of hospital-acquired infections. To further evaluate its potential to be developed as a new antimicrobial agent, its influence on S. aureus biofilm formation was evaluated using the crystal violet method, and then its eradication effect against mature biofilms was determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, the drop plate method, and regrowth experiments. The results showed that azalomycin F5a could significantly inhibit S. aureus biofilm formation, and such effects were concentration dependent. In addition, it can also eradicate S. aureus mature biofilms with the minimum biofilm eradication concentration of 32.0 \u03bcg\/mL. As extracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (eDNA) plays important roles in the structural integrity of bacterial biofilm, its influence on the eDNA release in S. aureus biofilm was further analyzed using gel electrophoresis. Combined with our previous works, these results indicate that azalomycin F5a could rapidly penetrate biofilm and causes damages to the cell membrane, leading to an increase in DNase release and eventually eradicating S. aureus biofilm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21030862","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]],"date-time":"2020-01-29T10:51:07Z","timestamp":1580295067000},"page":"862","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Azalomycin F5a Eradicates Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm by Rapidly Penetrating and Subsequently Inducing Cell Lysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4944-1144","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ganjun","family":"Yuan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pingyi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuejie","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2163-2045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peibo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, 135 Xingang Road, Guangzhou 510275, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiwang","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Su","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Houqin","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenfang","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yingying","family":"Guan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zezhang","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1002\/mrc.2697","article-title":"1H and 13C assignments of two new macrocyclic lactones isolated from Streptomyces sp. 211726 and revised assignments of azalomycins F3a, F4a and F5a","volume":"49","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Magn. 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