{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:34:30Z","timestamp":1784302470753,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]],"date-time":"2020-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["16K09537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["16K09537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP19ek0109268"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19ek0109268"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In autoantibody-mediated autoimmune diseases, pathogenic autoantibodies generated by a failure of central or peripheral tolerance, have different effects mediated by a variety of mechanisms. Interestingly, even non-autoimmune chronic diseases have a set of disease-specific natural autoantibodies that are maintained for a long time. Because most of these natural autoantibodies target intracellular proteins or long non-coding RNAs, they are speculated to be non-pathological and have some important as yet unrecognized physiological functions such as debris clearance. Recently, we revealed a set of disease-specific natural autoantibodies of chronic pulmonary diseases with unknown etiology by protein arrays that enable detection of specific autoantibodies against &gt;8000 targets. Surprisingly, some of the targeted antigens of disease-specific autoantibodies were subsequently reported by other laboratories as strongly associated with the disease, suggesting that these antigens reflect the pathology of each disease. Furthermore, some of these autoantibodies that target extracellular antigens might modify the original course of each disease. Here, we review the disease-specific natural autoantibodies of chronic pulmonary diseases, including chronic fibrosing idiopathic interstitial pneumonias, sarcoidosis, and autoimmune pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, and discuss their utility and effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21031138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,10]],"date-time":"2020-02-10T11:48:51Z","timestamp":1581335331000},"page":"1138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Natural Autoantibodies in Chronic Pulmonary Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kiyoharu","family":"Fukushima","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 5600045, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kazuyuki","family":"Tsujino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 5600045, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shinji","family":"Futami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, National Hospital Organization Osaka Toneyama Medical Center, 5-1-1 Toneyama Toyonaka, Osaka 5600045, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine and Clinical Immunology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 5650871, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.3731","article-title":"The multiple pathways to autoimmunity","volume":"18","author":"Theofilopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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