{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T15:05:39Z","timestamp":1774969539387,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]],"date-time":"2020-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004861","name":"Mackay Memorial Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MMH-106-30 and MMH-107-31"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MMH-106-30 and MMH-107-31"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004861","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indoxyl sulphate (IS) and p-cresyl sulphate (PCS) are two protein bound uraemic toxins accumulated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated with adverse outcomes. The purpose of this study isto evaluate the effect of the new activated charcoal, CharXgen, on renal function protection and lowering serum uraemic toxins in CKD animal model. The physical character of CharXgen was analyzed before and after activation procedure by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The effect of CharXgen on biochemistry and lowering uremic toxins was evaluated by in vitro binding assay and CKD animal model. CharXgen have high interior surface area analyzed by SEM and XRD and have been produced from local bamboo after an activation process. CharXgen was able to effectively absorb IS, p-cresol and phosphate in an in vitro gastrointestinal tract simulation study. The animal study showed that CharXgen did not cause intestine blackening. Serum albuminand liver function did not change after feeding with CharXgen. Moreover, renal function was improved in CKD rats fed with CharXgen as compared to the CKD group, and there were no significant differences in the CKD and the CKD + AST-120 groups. Serum IS and PCS were higher in the CKD group and lower in rats treated with CharXgen and AST-120. In rats treated with CharXgen, Fibroblast growth factor 23 was significantly decreased as compared to the CKD group. This change cannot be found in rats fed with AST-120.It indicates that CharXgen is a new safe and non-toxic activated charcoal having potential in attenuating renal function deterioration and lowering protein-bound uraemic toxins. Whether the introduction of this new charcoal could further have renal protection in CKD patients will need to be investigated further.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T04:06:01Z","timestamp":1582085161000},"page":"1257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["CharXgen-Activated Bamboo Charcoal Encapsulated in Sodium Alginate Microsphere as the Absorbent of Uremic Toxins to Retard Kidney Function Deterioration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Cheng-Jui","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan"},{"name":"Mackay Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Taipei 11260, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chiao-Yin","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Jen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Mackay Medical College, New Taipei City 252, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chau-Chung","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7935-0991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10048, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2994-6671","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Feng-Huei","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10048, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfh813","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease as cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality","volume":"20","author":"Vanholder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nephrol. 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