{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T05:05:43Z","timestamp":1790485543477,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]],"date-time":"2020-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["609989"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["609989"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Protein arginine deimination leading to the non-coded amino acid citrulline remains a key question in the field of post-translational modifications ever since its discovery by Rogers and Simmonds in 1958. Citrullination is catalyzed by a family of enzymes called peptidyl arginine deiminases (PADIs). Initially, increased citrullination was associated with autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis, as well as other neurological disorders and multiple types of cancer. During the last decade, research efforts have focused on how citrullination contributes to disease pathogenesis by modulating epigenetic events, pluripotency, immunity and transcriptional regulation. However, our knowledge regarding the functional implications of citrullination remains quite limited, so we still do not completely understand its role in physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we review the recently discovered functions of PADI2-mediated citrullination of the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II in transcriptional regulation in breast cancer cells and the proposed mechanisms to reshape the transcription regulatory network that promotes cancer progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T04:06:01Z","timestamp":1582085161000},"page":"1351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase 2 (PADI2)-Mediated Arginine Citrullination Modulates Transcription in Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Miguel","family":"Beato","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3890-3590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Priyanka","family":"Sharma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gene Regulation, Stem Cells and Cancer Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/182186a0","article-title":"Content of citrulline and other amino-acids in a protein of hair follicles","volume":"182","author":"Rogers","year":"1958","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1186\/ar95","article-title":"Citrullination: A small change for a protein with great consequences for rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"2","author":"Pruijn","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arthritis Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5413","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.5b00003","article-title":"Chemical biology of protein arginine modifications in epigenetic regulation","volume":"115","author":"Fuhrmann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. 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