{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T12:09:57Z","timestamp":1790165397534,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015082","name":"Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018-121-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018-121-001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015082","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advancements in nucleic acid sequencing technology combined with an unprecedented availability of metadata have revealed that 45% of the human genome constituted by transposable elements (TEs) is not only transcriptionally active but also physiologically necessary. Dysregulation of TEs, including human retroviral endogenous sequences (HERVs) has been shown to associate with several neurologic and autoimmune diseases, including Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME\/CFS). However, no study has yet addressed whether abnormal expression of these sequences correlates with fibromyalgia (FM), a disease frequently comorbid with ME\/CFS. The work presented here shows, for the first time, that, in fact, HERVs of the H, K and W types are overexpressed in immune cells of FM patients with or without comorbid ME\/CFS. Patients with increased HERV expression (N = 14) presented increased levels of interferon (INF-\u03b2 and INF-\u03b3) but unchanged levels of TNF-\u03b1. The findings reported in this study could explain the flu-like symptoms FM patients present with in clinical practice, in the absence of concomitant infections. Future work aimed at identifying specific genomic loci differentially affected in FM and\/or ME\/CFS is warranted.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041366","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T04:06:01Z","timestamp":1582085161000},"page":"1366","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Activation of Transposable Elements in Immune Cells of Fibromyalgia Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Tamara","family":"Ovejero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5042-9724","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oc\u00e9ane","family":"Sadones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 de Poitiers, CEDEX, 86073 Poitiers, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8877-0197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Fito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46008 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eloy","family":"Almenar-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46008 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Andr\u00e9s","family":"Espejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biotechnology, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Mart\u00edn-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Health Service, Manises Hospital, 46940 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1038-9083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubov","family":"Nathanson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Neuro Immune Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Ft Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0598-2907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elisa","family":"Oltra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46001 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Valencia San Vicente M\u00e1rtir, 46001 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31851-7","article-title":"Revising the ICD: Explaining the WHO approach","volume":"388","author":"Boerma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.20140","article-title":"The American College of Rheumatology preliminary diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia and measurement of symptom severity","volume":"62","author":"Wolfe","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arthritis Care Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2016.08.012","article-title":"2016 Revisions to the 2010\/2011 fibromyalgia diagnostic criteria","volume":"46","author":"Wolfe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.5001\/omj.2012.44","article-title":"Fibromyalgia Syndrome: An Overview of Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management","volume":"27","author":"Jahan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oman Med. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.03.025","article-title":"Emotional modulation of pain and spinal nociception in fibromyalgia","volume":"154","author":"Rhudy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-121-12-199412150-00009","article-title":"The chronic fatigue syndrome: A comprehensive approach to its definition and study. International Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Study Group","volume":"121","author":"Fukuda","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1300\/J092v11n01_02","article-title":"Myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome: Clinical working case definition, diagnostic and treatment protocols","volume":"11","author":"Carruthers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Chronic Fatigue Syndr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2011.02428.x","article-title":"Myalgic encephalomyelitis: International Consensus Criteria","volume":"270","author":"Carruthers","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Committee on the Diagnostic Criteria for Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, Board on the Health of Select Populations, Institute of Medicine (2015). Beyond Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/ChronicFatigue Syndrome: Redefining an Illness, National Academies Press (US)."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.1346","article-title":"Beyond myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome: A IOM report on redefining an illness","volume":"313","author":"Clayton","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4231","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174231","article-title":"Machine Learning to Understand the Immune-Inflammatory Pathways in Fibromyalgia","volume":"20","author":"Arranz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.08.011","article-title":"Inflammatory proteins are altered in chronic fatigue syndrome-A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"107","author":"Strawbridge","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1075","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0000000000000300","article-title":"Physical Trauma and Infection as Precipitating Factors in Patients with Fibromyalgia","volume":"94","author":"Jiao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-018-1644-y","article-title":"Chronic viral infections in myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME\/CFS)","volume":"16","author":"Rasa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38905","article-title":"The prevalence of fibromyalgia in the general population: A comparison of the American College of Rheumatology 1990, 2010, and modified 2010 classification criteria","volume":"67","author":"Jones","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e020817","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-020817","article-title":"Prevalence and incidence of myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome in Europe- the Euro-epiME study from the European network EUROMENE: A protocol for a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polli, A., Godderis, L., Ghosh, M., Ickmans, K., and Nijs, J. (2019). Epigenetic and miRNA expression changes in people with pain: A systematic review. J. Pain.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.12.002"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1525","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01525","article-title":"The Role of Epigenetics in Autoimmune\/Inflammatory Disease","volume":"10","author":"Surace","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1815-7","article-title":"MicroRNA epigenetic signatures in human disease","volume":"90","author":"Kunej","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"795784","article-title":"Epigenetic alterations and an increased frequency of micronuclei in women with fibromyalgia","volume":"2013","author":"Menzies","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nurs. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000932","article-title":"Epigenetics insights into chronic pain: DNA hypomethylation in fibromyalgia\u2014A controlled pilot-study","volume":"158","author":"Maschietto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"1744806918819944","article-title":"Fibromyalgia: Genetics and epigenetics insights may provide the basis for the development of diagnostic biomarkers","volume":"15","author":"Gerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bjersing, J.L., Lundborg, C., Bokarewa, M.I., and Mannerkorpi, K. (2013). Profile of cerebrospinal microRNAs in fibromyalgia. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078762"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-014-3139-3","article-title":"Profile of circulating microRNAs in fibromyalgia and their relation to symptom severity: An exploratory study","volume":"35","author":"Bjersing","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerd\u00e1-Olmedo, G., Mena-Dur\u00e1n, A.V., Monsalve, V., and Oltra, E. (2015). Identification of a microRNA signature for the diagnosis of fibromyalgia. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121903"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7129","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-016-0235-2","article-title":"Circulating microRNA Profiles as Liquid Biopsies for the Characterization and Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia Syndrome","volume":"54","author":"Masotti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000668","article-title":"Increased cutaneous miR-let-7d expression correlates with small nerve fiber pathology in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome","volume":"157","author":"Leinders","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almenar-P\u00e9rez, E., S\u00e1nchez-Fito, T., Ovejero, T., Nathanson, L., and Oltra, E. (2019). Impact of Polypharmacy on Candidate Biomarker miRNomes for the Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: Striking Back on Treatments. Pharmaceutics, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201902.0134.v1"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"228","article-title":"Methylation profile of CD4+ T cells in chronic fatigue syndrome\/myalgic encephalomyelitis","volume":"5","author":"Brenu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trivedi, M.S., Oltra, E., Sarria, L., Rose, N., Beljanski, V., Fletcher, M.A., Klimas, N.G., and Nathanson, L. (2018). Identification of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome-associated DNA methylation patterns. PLOS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201066"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.2217\/epi-2017-0150","article-title":"Integration of DNA methylation & health scores identifies subtypes in myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Erdman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epigenomics"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D81","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkv1272","article-title":"The Dfam database of repetitive DNA families","volume":"44","author":"Hubley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00894","article-title":"Transposable Elements, Inflammation, and Neurological Disease","volume":"10","author":"Saleh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2019.02.012","article-title":"Epigenetic Components of Myalgic Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Uncover Potential Transposable Element Activation","volume":"41","author":"Ovejero","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13317-019-0122-8","article-title":"HERV-K and HERV-W transcriptional activity in myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Highlights"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"728","article-title":"The fibromyalgia impact questionnaire: Development and validation","volume":"18","author":"Burckhardt","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"554","article-title":"The Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire: A validated Spanish version to assess the health status in women with fibromyalgia","volume":"22","author":"Rivera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(94)00125-O","article-title":"The multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI) psychometric qualities of an instrument to assess fatigue","volume":"39","author":"Smets","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199303000-00006","article-title":"The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs","volume":"31","author":"McHorney","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med. Care"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1131","article-title":"Monocyte activation and differentiation augment human endogenous retrovirus expression: Implications for inflammatory brain diseases","volume":"50","author":"Johnston","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1948-6","article-title":"The clinical value of cytokines in chronic fatigue syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jungen, M.J., Ter Meulen, B., Van Osch, T., Weinstein, H., and Ostelo, R. (2019). Inflammatory biomarkers in patients with sciatica: A systematic review. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12891-019-2541-0"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2010.51.1.9","article-title":"Intrinsic Cellular Defenses against Virus Infection by Antiviral Type I Interferon","volume":"51","author":"Boo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2007.02.008","article-title":"Post-transcriptional control of the interferon system","volume":"89","author":"Khabar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochim."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.1865","article-title":"Links between recognition and degradation of cytoplasmic viral RNA in innate immune response","volume":"26","author":"Oshiumi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Virol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.1261\/rna.062000.117","article-title":"Rapid RNase L-driven arrest of protein synthesis in the dsRNA response without degradation of translation machinery","volume":"23","author":"Donovan","year":"2017","journal-title":"RNA"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000392","article-title":"Undifferentiated connective tissue disease, fibromyalgia and the environmental factors","volume":"29","author":"Andreoli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20171330","article-title":"Does the microbiome and virome contribute to myalgic encephalomyelitis\/chronic fatigue syndrome?","volume":"132","author":"Newberry","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2014-202597","article-title":"Use of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to distinguish gene expression subtypes of chronic fatigue syndrome\/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS\/ME)","volume":"67","author":"Shimosako","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-009-1310-0","article-title":"Musculoskeletal manifestations in patients with malignant disease","volume":"29","author":"Gheita","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5929","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.27612","article-title":"Chronic fatigue syndrome and subsequent risk of cancer among elderly US adults","volume":"118","author":"Chang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/2159256X.2017.1393490","article-title":"tRNAs as primers and inhibitors of retrotransposons","volume":"7","author":"Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mob. Genet. Elements"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morandi, E., Tanasescu, R., Tarlinton, R.E., Constantinescu, C.S., Zhang, W., Tench, C., and Gran, C. (2017). The association between human endogenous retroviruses and multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0172415"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2014.12.004","article-title":"DNA methylation modulates HERV-E expression in CD4+ T cells from systemic lupus erythematosus patients","volume":"77","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perot, P., Mugnier, N., Montgiraud, C., Gimenez, J., Jaillard, M., Bonnaud, B., and Mallet, F. (2012). Microarray-Based Sketches of the HERV Transcriptome Landscape. PLOS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040194"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3593","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv422","article-title":"TEtranscripts: A package for including transposable elements in differential expression analysis of RNA-seq datasets","volume":"31","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1301","article-title":"SQuIRE reveals locus-specific regulation of interspersed repeat expression","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nucl. Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30253","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.C111.274597","article-title":"RtcB, a Novel RNA Ligase, Can Catalyze tRNA Splicing and HAC1 mRNA Splicing in Vivo*","volume":"286","author":"Tanaka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Boil. Chem."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"225","article-title":"Cytokine patterns in fibromyalgia and their correlation with clinical manifestations","volume":"25","author":"Bazzichi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5701","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.9.5701","article-title":"TNF trafficking to human mast cell granules: Mature chain-dependent endocytosis","volume":"178","author":"Olszewski","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2007.02016.x","article-title":"TNF-alpha is secreted by monocytes in transit to become macrophages, but not by peripheral blood monocytes, following OK-432 (lyophilized S. pyogenes) stimulation","volume":"66","author":"Olsnes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"2273","article-title":"Lupus and interleukin 10","volume":"24","author":"Harley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2016.05.026","article-title":"The Lupus Autoantigen La Prevents Mis-channeling of tRNA Fragments into the Human MicroRNA Pathway","volume":"63","author":"Hasler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Slota, J.A., and Booth, S.A. (2019). MicroRNAs in Neuroinflammation: Implications in Disease Pathogenesis, Biomarker Discovery and Therapeutic Applications. Non Coding RNA, 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/ncrna5020035"},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"NINDS (2019, December 22). Common Data Elements, Available online: https:\/\/www.commondataelements.ninds.nih.gov\/Myalgic%20Encephalomyelitis\/Chronic%20Fatigue%20Syndrome."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4690-3-44","article-title":"Transactivation of elements in the human endogenous retrovirus W family by viral infection","volume":"3","author":"Yao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Retrovirology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/s10059-009-0107-y","article-title":"Structural and quantitative expression analyses of HERV gene family in human tissues","volume":"28","author":"Ahn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"S56","article-title":"Abnormal vascular endothelial growth factor expression in mesenchymal stem cells from both osteonecrotic and osteoarthritic hips","volume":"69","author":"Mwale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. NYU Hosp. Jt. Dis."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"e1485","article-title":"Denaturing Urea Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (Urea PAGE)","volume":"32","author":"Summer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2089","article-title":"NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis","volume":"9","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/4\/1366\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:58:48Z","timestamp":1760173128000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/4\/1366"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21041366"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21041366","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints201912.0358.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]}}}