{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,9]],"date-time":"2026-11-09T12:33:00Z","timestamp":1794227580405,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":303,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]],"date-time":"2020-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1581984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005010","name":"Associazione Italiana per la Ricerca sul Cancro","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IG 2017\u2014ID. 20353 project\u2014PI Graziani Grazia"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IG 2017\u2014ID. 20353 project\u2014PI Graziani Grazia"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005010","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members, VEGF-A, placenta growth factor (PlGF), and to a lesser extent VEGF-B, play an essential role in tumor-associated angiogenesis, tissue infiltration, and metastasis formation. Although VEGF-A can activate both VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 membrane receptors, PlGF and VEGF-B exclusively interact with VEGFR-1. Differently from VEGFR-2, which is involved both in physiological and pathological angiogenesis, in the adult VEGFR-1 is required only for pathological angiogenesis. Besides this role in tumor endothelium, ligand-mediated stimulation of VEGFR-1 expressed in tumor cells may directly induce cell chemotaxis and extracellular matrix invasion. Furthermore, VEGFR-1 activation in myeloid progenitors and tumor-associated macrophages favors cancer immune escape through the release of immunosuppressive cytokines. These properties have prompted a number of preclinical and clinical studies to analyze VEGFR-1 involvement in the metastatic process. The aim of the present review is to highlight the contribution of VEGFs\/VEGFR-1 signaling in the progression of different tumor types and to provide an overview of the therapeutic approaches targeting VEGFR-1 currently under investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041388","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,19]],"date-time":"2020-02-19T04:06:01Z","timestamp":1582085161000},"page":"1388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":235,"title":["Role of VEGFs\/VEGFR-1 Signaling and Its Inhibition in Modulating Tumor Invasion: Experimental Evidence in Different Metastatic Cancer Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Ceci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Grazia","family":"Atzori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1166-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Miguel","family":"Lacal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, \u201cIstituto Dermopatico dell\u2019Immacolata-Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico\u201d, IDI-IRCCS, Via dei Monti di Creta 104, 00167 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0221-768X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grazia","family":"Graziani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.2174\/1570161115666170105124038","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Signaling in Tumour Vascularization: Potential and Challenges","volume":"15","author":"Siveen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Vasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151019","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.151019","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in development and diseas","volume":"145","author":"Karaman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01023","article-title":"Exploring the Immunological Mechanisms Underlying the Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Activity in Tumors","volume":"10","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.9-suppl_1-2","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor as a target for anticancer therapy","volume":"9","author":"Ferrara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9267","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.88.20.9267","article-title":"Isolation of a human placenta cDNA coding for a protein related to the vascular permeability factor","volume":"88","author":"Maglione","year":"1991","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1997.6813","article-title":"Placenta growth factor: Identification and characterization of a novel isoform generated by RNA alternative splicing","volume":"235","author":"Cao","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1038\/87904","article-title":"Synergism between vascular endothelial growth factor and placental growth factor contributes to angiogenesis and plasma extravasation in pathological conditions","volume":"7","author":"Carmeliet","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2524","article-title":"FLT1 and its ligands VEGFB and PlGF: Drug targets for anti-angiogenic therapy?","volume":"8","author":"Fischer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2660","DOI":"10.1002\/art.11232","article-title":"Vegfb gene knockout mice display reduced pathology and synovial angiogenesis in both antigen-induced and collagen-induced models of arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Mould","year":"2003","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2010.77","article-title":"VEGF-B: A thing of beauty","volume":"20","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peach, C.J., Mignone, V.W., Arruda, M.A., Alcobia, D.C., Hill, S.J., Kilpatrick, L.E., and Woolard, J. (2018). Molecular Pharmacology of VEGF-A Isoforms: Binding and Signalling at VEGFR2. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19041264"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3898","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/16.13.3898","article-title":"Proteolytic processing regulates receptor specificity and activity of VEGF-C","volume":"16","author":"Joukov","year":"1997","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32127","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.45.32127","article-title":"Biosynthesis of vascular endothelial growth factor-D involves proteolytic processing which generates non-covalent homodimers","volume":"274","author":"Stacker","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.85.11.992","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF-C show overlapping binding sites in embryonic endothelia and distinct sites in differentiated adult endothelia","volume":"85","author":"Lymboussaki","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1013","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor C is required for sprouting of the first lymphatic vessels from embryonic veins","volume":"5","author":"Karkkainen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2018.00007","article-title":"Biology of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor C in the Morphogenesis of Lymphatic Vessels","volume":"6","author":"Rauniyar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1038\/84635","article-title":"VEGF-D promotes the metastatic spread of tumor cells via the lymphatics","volume":"7","author":"Stacker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(91)90010-V","article-title":"A receptor tyrosine kinase specific to hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell-enriched populations","volume":"65","author":"Matthews","year":"1991","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1677","article-title":"Identification of a new endothelial cell growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase","volume":"6","author":"Terman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.87","article-title":"Mechanisms and regulation of endothelial VEGF receptor signalling","volume":"17","author":"Simons","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25646","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)47298-5","article-title":"Placenta growth factor. Potentiation of vascular endothelial growth factor bioactivity, in vitro and in vivo, and high affinity binding to Flt-1 but not to Flk-1\/KDR","volume":"269","author":"Park","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11709","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.20.11709","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGF-B) binds to VEGF receptor-1 and regulates plasminogen activator activity in endothelial cells","volume":"95","author":"Olofsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1038\/nm731","article-title":"Revascularization of ischemic tissues by PlGF treatment, and inhibition of tumor angiogenesis, arthritis and atherosclerosis by anti-Flt1","volume":"8","author":"Luttun","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.1.346-354.2005","article-title":"Membrane fixation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 ligand-binding domain is important for vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in mice","volume":"25","author":"Hiratsuka","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-04-1564","article-title":"Anti-flt1 peptide, a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1-specific hexapeptide, inhibits tumor growth and metastasis","volume":"11","author":"Bae","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10705","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.22.10705","article-title":"Inhibition of vascular endothelial cell growth factor activity by an endogenously encoded soluble receptor","volume":"90","author":"Kendall","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05249","article-title":"Corneal avascularity is due to soluble VEGF receptor-1","volume":"443","author":"Ambati","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6036","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.17-22322","article-title":"Prevention of Corneal Neovascularization by Adenovirus Encoding Human Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Soluble Receptor (s-VEGFR1) in Lacrimal Gland","volume":"59","author":"Nominato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2348","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-021942","article-title":"Elevated serum soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sVEGFR-1) levels in women with preeclampsia","volume":"88","author":"Koga","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17189","article-title":"Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia","volume":"111","author":"Maynard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"1399","article-title":"Levels of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptor 1 in astrocytic tumors and its relation to malignancy, vascularity, and VEGF-A","volume":"9","author":"Lamszus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/10245330500065797","article-title":"Soluble VEGF\/sFLt1 ratio is an independent predictor of AML patient out come","volume":"10","author":"Aref","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6602374","article-title":"Association between intratumoral free and total VEGF, soluble VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and prognosis in breast cancer","volume":"92","author":"Bando","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1097\/MPA.0b013e318164548a","article-title":"Serum vascular endothelial growth factor\/soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 ratio is an independent prognostic marker in pancreatic cancer","volume":"37","author":"Chang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1647","article-title":"The ratio of serum placenta growth factor to soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 predicts the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"23","author":"Nagaoka","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.10200.x","article-title":"Expression of the soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 in cutaneous melanoma: Role in tumour progression","volume":"164","author":"Ruffini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2016.3810","article-title":"The anti-angiogenic role of soluble-form VEGF receptor in malignant gliomas","volume":"50","author":"Takano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int.J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.00673","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 is deposited in the extracellular matrix by endothelial cells and is a ligand for the alpha 5 beta 1 integrin","volume":"116","author":"Orecchia","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Cell. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.12-225771","article-title":"Endothelial cell adhesion to soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 triggers a cell dynamic and angiogenic phenotype","volume":"28","author":"Orecchia","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1038\/s41416-018-0128-4","article-title":"The sVEGFR1-i13 splice variant regulates a \u03b21 integrin\/VEGFR autocrine loop involved in the progression and the response to anti-angiogenic therapies of squamous cell lung carcinoma","volume":"118","author":"Brambilla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stacker, S.A., and Achen, M.G. (2018). Emerging Roles for VEGF-D in Human Disease. Biomolecules, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom8010001"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603487","article-title":"The role of the VEGF-C\/VEGFR-3 axis in cancer progression","volume":"96","author":"Su","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.12.026","article-title":"VEGF-D promotes tumor metastasis by regulating prostaglandins produced by the collecting lymphatic endothelium","volume":"21","author":"Karnezis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13876","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.13876","article-title":"VEGFR-2 conformational switch in response to ligand binding","volume":"5","author":"Sarabipour","year":"2016","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2010.11.001","article-title":"Effective suppression of vascular network formation by combination of antibodies blocking VEGFR ligand binding and receptor dimerization","volume":"18","author":"Tvorogov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Cell."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-10-0876","article-title":"An antibody targeted to VEGFR-2 Ig domains 4-7 inhibits VEGFR-2 activation and VEGFR-2-dependent angiogenesis without affecting ligand binding","volume":"10","author":"Kendrew","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.0000171756.13554.49","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 regulates vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated endothelial permeability","volume":"96","author":"Becker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20160311","article-title":"VEGF165-induced vascular permeability requires NRP1 for ABL-mediated SRC family kinase activation","volume":"214","author":"Fantin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81402-6","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 is expressed by endothelial and tumor cells as an isoform-specific receptor for vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"92","author":"Soker","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200903137","article-title":"Neuropilin-2 mediates VEGF-C-induced lymphatic sprouting together with VEGFR3","volume":"188","author":"Xu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20100580","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 mediates PDGF stimulation of vascular smooth muscle cell migration and signalling via p130Cas","volume":"435","author":"Frankel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00903-10","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 signaling through p130Cas tyrosine phosphorylation is essential for growth factor-dependent migration of glioma and endothelial cells","volume":"31","author":"Evans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.01.036","article-title":"Targeting placental growth factor\/neuropilin 1 pathway inhibits growth and spread of medulloblastoma","volume":"152","author":"Snuderl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3892\/ijo.2013.1948","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 expression promotes invasiveness of melanoma cells through vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2-dependent and -independent mechanisms","volume":"43","author":"Ruffini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2015.00125","article-title":"Neuropilin-1 as Therapeutic Target for Malignant Melanoma","volume":"5","author":"Graziani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2009.0170","article-title":"VEGF-A: A critical regulator of blood vessel growth","volume":"20","author":"Ferrara","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604929","article-title":"Why are tumour blood vessels abnormal and why is it important to know?","volume":"100","author":"Nagy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.e09-07-0590","article-title":"Binding to the extracellular matrix and proteolytic processing: Two key mechanisms regulating vascular endothelial growth factor action","volume":"21","author":"Ferrara","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI200320087","article-title":"What brings pericytes to tumor vessels?","volume":"112","author":"Jain","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin Invest."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2825","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-2416","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor and its relationship to inflammatory mediators","volume":"13","author":"Angelo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2014.00069","article-title":"The impact of the immune system on tumor: Angiogenesis and vascular remodeling","volume":"4","author":"Stockmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1134\/S0006297916020024","article-title":"Interleukins 1 and 6 as Main Mediators of Inflammation and Cancer","volume":"81","author":"Dmitrieva","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochemistry (Mosc)"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.01399","article-title":"Contribution of Angiogenesis to Inflammation and Cancer","volume":"9","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0706596","article-title":"Tumor angiogenesis","volume":"358","author":"Kerbel","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.17","article-title":"Ten years of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy","volume":"15","author":"Ferrara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01088-0","article-title":"Antiangiogenic therapy in oncology: Current status and future directions","volume":"388","author":"Jayson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.08.023","article-title":"Therapeutic implication of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (VEGFR-1) targeting in cancer cells and tumor microenvironment by competitive and non-competitive inhibitors","volume":"136","author":"Lacal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albrecht, I., Kopfstein, L., Strittmatter, K., Schomber, T., Falkevall, A., Hagberg, C.E., Lorentz, P., Jeltsch, M., Alitalo, K., and Eriksson, U. (2010). Suppressive effects of vascular endothelial growth factor-B on tumor growth in a mouse model of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumorigenesis. PLoS ONE, 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0014109"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"E2900","article-title":"VEGF- B promotes cancer metastasis through a VEGF-A-independent mechanism and serves as a marker of poor prognosis for cancer patients","volume":"112","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00602.x","article-title":"Tumor-induced tolerance and immune suppression by myeloid derived suppressor cells","volume":"222","author":"Marigo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Albonici, L., Giganti, M.G., Modesti, A., Manzari, V., and Bei, R. (2019). Multifaceted Role of the Placental Growth Factor (PlGF) in the Antitumor Immune Response and Cancer Progression. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20122970"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.ircmb.2016.09.007","article-title":"Immunomodulatory Activity of VEGF in Cancer","volume":"330","author":"Terme","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1027","article-title":"The role of tumour-associated macrophages in tumour progression: Implications for new anticancer therapies","volume":"196","author":"Bingle","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F23","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.6.F23","article-title":"Inflammatory cells and cancer think different!","volume":"193","author":"Coussens","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-5699(92)90008-U","article-title":"The origin and function of tumor-associated macrophages","volume":"13","author":"Mantovani","year":"1992","journal-title":"Immunol. Today"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/path.3989","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor induced skin carcinogenesis depends on recruitment and alternative activation of macrophages","volume":"227","author":"Linde","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2993","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-15-1839","article-title":"PlGF\/VEGFR-1 Signaling Promotes Macrophage Polarization and Accelerated Tumor Progression in Obesity","volume":"22","author":"Incio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1159\/000491650","article-title":"Placental Growth Factor Mediates Crosstalk Between Lung Cancer Cells and Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Controlling Cancer Vascularization and Growth","volume":"47","author":"He","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol Biochem."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3892\/mco.2014.410","article-title":"Specific organ metastases and survival in metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"3","author":"Tamura","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-016-9618-0","article-title":"Progression and metastasis of lung cancer","volume":"35","author":"Popper","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1514","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.25243","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A Regulates the Secretion of Different Angiogenic Factors in Lung Cancer Cells","volume":"231","author":"Frezzetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.12-6-713","article-title":"FDA drug approval summary: Bevacizumab (Avastin) plus Carboplatin and Paclitaxel as first-line treatment of advanced\/metastatic recurrent nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"12","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1893","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2015.3415","article-title":"Prognostic significance of combining VEGFA, FLT1 and KDR mRNA expression in lung cancer","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201009-1393PP","article-title":"HIF and the lung: Role of hypoxia-inducible factors in pulmonary development and disease","volume":"183","author":"Shimoda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1738","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2016.4150","article-title":"Downregulation of HIF-1\u03b1 inhibits the proliferation and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer NCI-H157 cells","volume":"11","author":"Qian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1093\/abbs\/gms026","article-title":"miR-126 enhances the sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells to anticancer agents by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor A. Acta Biochim","volume":"44","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biophys. Sin. (Shanghai)"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2015.10.013","article-title":"Role of miR-497 in VEGF-A-mediated cancer cell growth and invasion in non-small cell lung cancer","volume":"70","author":"Gu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omtn.2017.06.002","article-title":"miR-206\/133b Cluster: A Weapon against Lung Cancer?","volume":"8","author":"Pan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Nucleic Acids"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-017-0620-0","article-title":"MicroRNA-29c functions as a tumor suppressor by targeting VEGFA in lung adenocarcinoma","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1431","DOI":"10.1159\/000479207","article-title":"Effect of microRNA-135a on Cell Proliferation, Migration, Invasion, Apoptosis and Tumor Angiogenesis Through the IGF-1\/PI3K\/Akt Signaling Pathway in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer","volume":"42","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"2625","article-title":"miR-195 suppresses metastasis and angiogenesis of squamous cell lung cancer by inhibiting the expression of VEGF","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16053","DOI":"10.1038\/srep16053","article-title":"Interleukin-17 promotes angiogenesis by stimulating VEGF production of cancer cells via the STAT3\/GIV signaling pathway in non-small-cell lung cancer","volume":"5","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36728-y","article-title":"A VEGF-A\/SOX2\/SRSF2 network controls VEGFR1 pre-mRNA alternative splicing in lung carcinoma cells","volume":"9","author":"Gazzeri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3479","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-03-077537","article-title":"A proangiogenic peptide derived from vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 acts through alpha5beta1 integrin","volume":"111","author":"Soro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1159\/000430244","article-title":"Placental growth factor promotes metastases of non-small cell lung cancer through MMP9","volume":"37","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-017-3145-3","article-title":"Placental growth factor signaling regulates isoform splicing of vascular endothelial growth factor A in the control of lung cancer cell metastasis","volume":"439","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2012.792","article-title":"Specific organ metastases and survival in small cell lung cancer","volume":"4","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13588","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of angiogenesis inhibitors in small-cell lung cancer","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67025-0","article-title":"Malignant mesothelioma","volume":"366","author":"Robinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2009.04.038","article-title":"Placenta growth factor expression has prognostic value in malignant pleural mesothelioma","volume":"88","author":"Pompeo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1177\/039463200902200216","article-title":"Placenta growth factor is a survival factor for human malignant mesothelioma cells","volume":"22","author":"Albonici","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Immunopathol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04186","article-title":"VEGFR1-positive haematopoietic bone marrow progenitors initiate the pre-metastatic niche","volume":"438","author":"Kaplan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawson, M.R., Duda, D.G., Chae, S.S., Fukumura, D., and Jain, R.K. (2009). VEGFR1 activity modulates myeloid cell infiltration in growing lung metastases but is not required for spontaneous metastasis formation. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006525"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim, J., Sinn, D.H., Choi, M.S., Kang, W., Gwak, G.Y., Paik, Y.H., Lee, J.H., Koh, K.C., and Paik, S.W. (2019). Hepatocellular Carcinoma With Extrahepatic Metastasis: Are There Still Candidates for Transarterial Chemoembolization as an Initial Treatment?. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0213547"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-1254","article-title":"The Role of Angiogenesis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"25","author":"Morse","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2001.19.4.1207","article-title":"Clinical implications of circulating angiogenic factors in cancer patients","volume":"19","author":"Poon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605017","article-title":"Prognostic role of vascular endothelial growth factor in hepatocellular carcinoma: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"100","author":"Schoenleber","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2290","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-11-2175","article-title":"Plasma biomarkers as predictors of outcome in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"18","author":"Llovet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"209","article-title":"Serum VEGF level is associated with the outcome of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: A meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Zhan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1002\/jso.21095","article-title":"Correlations of the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor B and its isoforms in hepatocellular carcinoma with clinico-pathological parameters","volume":"98","author":"Kanda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2706","DOI":"10.1038\/cddis.2017.123","article-title":"MiRNA199a-3p suppresses tumor growth, migration, invasion and angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma by targeting VEGFA, VEGFR1, VEGFR2, HGF and MMP2","volume":"8","author":"Ghosh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.02.039","article-title":"Further pharmacological and genetic evidence for the efficacy of PlGF inhibition in cancer and eye disease","volume":"141","author":"Stalmans","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vandewynckel, Y.P., Laukens, D., Devisscher, L., Bogaerts, E., Paridaens, A., Van den Bussche, A., Raevens, S., Verhelst, X., Van Steenkiste, C., and Jonckx, B. (2016). Placental growth factor inhibition modulates the interplay between hypoxia and unfolded protein response in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer, 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1990-6"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3283554219","article-title":"Inhibition of the placental growth factor decreases burden of cholangiocarcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma in a transgenic mouse model","volume":"24","author":"Heindryckx","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.3109\/08941939.2010.542272","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 activation mediates epithelial to mesenchymal transition in hepatocellular carcinoma cells","volume":"24","author":"Yi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Invest. Surg."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.2217\/fon.15.263","article-title":"VEGFR-1 activation-induced MMP-9-dependent invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Future Oncol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1309\/FXNL-QTN1-94FH-AB3A","article-title":"Microvessel density, vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptors Flt-1 and Flk-1\/KDR in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"116","author":"Ng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1136\/jclinpath-2012-200721","article-title":"Expression and prognostic significance of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 in hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"65","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simone, V., Brunetti, O., Lupo, L., Testini, M., Maiorano, E., Simone, M., Longo, V., Rolfo, C., Peeters, M., and Scarpa, A. (2017). Targeting Angiogenesis in Biliary Tract Cancers: An Open Option. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18020418"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2013.01.045","article-title":"miR-101 inhibits cholangiocarcinoma angiogenesis through targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)","volume":"182","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_121","first-page":"713","article-title":"The Effect and Mechanism of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) on Tumor Angiogenesis in Gallbladder Carcinoma","volume":"48","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0b013e3182a318a9","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A in advanced gallbladder carcinoma","volume":"22","author":"Letelier","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.13585","article-title":"The PLGF\/c-MYC\/miR-19a axis promotes metastasis and stemness in gallbladder cancer","volume":"109","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Sci."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8357","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-1138","article-title":"Differential effects of VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 inhibition on tumor metastases based on host organ environment","volume":"70","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1004-y","article-title":"Hepatocytes direct the formation of a pro-metastatic niche in the liver","volume":"567","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz056","article-title":"Electronic address: Clinicalguidelines@esmo.org. Renal cell carcinoma: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"30","author":"Escudier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1601333","article-title":"Systemic Therapy for Metastatic Renal-Cell Carcinoma","volume":"376","author":"Choueiri","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059817","article-title":"HIFalpha targeted for VHL-mediated destruction by proline hydroxylation: Implications for O2 sensing","volume":"292","author":"Ivan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1059796","article-title":"Targeting of HIF-alpha to the von Hippel-Lindau ubiquitylation complex by O2-regulated prolyl hydroxylation","volume":"292","author":"Jaakkola","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7634","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.July.13.8","article-title":"Predictive value of vascular endothelial growth factor polymorphisms on the risk of renal cell carcinomas","volume":"14","author":"Xian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet. Mol Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2007.01.073","article-title":"Associations of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Gene with the Characteristics and Prognosis of Renal Cell Carcinomas","volume":"52","author":"Kawai","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur Urol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9839","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-014-2194-4","article-title":"Association of vascular endothelial growth factor polymorphisms with clinical outcome of renal cell carcinoma patients","volume":"35","author":"Zhong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8447","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14263","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms and the risk of renal cell carcinoma: Evidence from eight case-control studies","volume":"8","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50034","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17293","article-title":"Association between vascular endothelial growth factor gene polymorphisms and the risk and prognosis of renal cell carcinoma: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84299","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12520","article-title":"Dicer suppresses MMP-2-mediated invasion and VEGFA-induced angiogenesis and serves as a promising prognostic biomarker in human clear cell renal cell carcinoma","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23186","article-title":"VEGF and VEGFR-1 are coexpressed by epithelial and stromal cells of renal cell carcinoma","volume":"112","author":"Rivet","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_137","first-page":"3206","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor-B and vascular endothelial growth factor-C expression in renal cell carcinomas: Regulation by the von Hippel-Lindau gene and hypoxia","volume":"61","author":"Gunningham","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.181.1.346","article-title":"Oxidative stress regulates expression of VEGFR1 in myeloid cells: Link to tumor-induced immune suppression in renal cell carcinoma","volume":"181","author":"Kusmartsev","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2005.02.2574","article-title":"Activity of SU11248, a multitargeted inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor and platelet-derived growth factor receptor, in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Motzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin Oncol"},{"key":"ref_140","unstructured":"Bessho, H., Wong, B., Huang, D., Siew, E.Y., Huang, D., Tan, J., Ong, C.K., Tan, S.Y., Matsumoto, K., and Iwamura, M. Inhibition of Placental Growth Factor in Renal Cell Carcinoma Anticancer Res. 2015, 35, 531\u2013542, 35."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2019.00963","article-title":"Glioblastoma Multiforme: An Overview of Emerging Therapeutic Targets","volume":"9","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1188\/16.CJON.S1.2-8","article-title":"Glioblastoma: Overview of Disease and Treatment","volume":"20","author":"Davis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. J. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1186\/s12957-017-1249-6","article-title":"Extracranial metastases of high-grade glioma: The clinical characteristics and mechanism","volume":"15","author":"Sun","year":"2017","journal-title":"World, J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov288","article-title":"Differential expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A, its receptors VEGFR-1, -2, and -3 and co-receptors neuropilin-1 and -2 does not predict bevacizumab response in human astrocytomas","volume":"18","author":"Baumgarten","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1186\/s13046-017-0577-2","article-title":"The anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 monoclonal antibody D16F7 inhibits invasiveness of human glioblastoma and glioblastoma stem cells","volume":"36","author":"Atzori","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Exp. Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78541","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12398","article-title":"Analysis of angiogenesis related factors in glioblastoma, peritumoral tissue and their derived cancer stem cells","volume":"7","author":"Proietti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_147","first-page":"1164","article-title":"Fms related tyrosine kinase 1 (Flt1) functions as an oncogene and regulates glioblastoma cell metastasis by regulating sonic hedgehog signaling","volume":"7","author":"Jiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.117.244434","article-title":"The Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 Monoclonal Antibody D16F7 Inhibits Glioma Growth and Angiogenesis In Vivo","volume":"364","author":"Atzori","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2174\/1568009616666160813191240","article-title":"Exploiting Microglial Functions for the Treatment of Glioblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Lisi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Cancer Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23234","article-title":"VEGF as a modulator of the innate immune response in glioblastoma","volume":"66","author":"Turkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nos158","article-title":"Glioblastoma resistance to anti-VEGF therapy is associated with myeloid cell infiltration, stem cell accumulation, and a mesenchymal phenotype","volume":"14","author":"Piao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2208","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.1893","article-title":"Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy-induced glioma invasion is associated with accumulation of Tie2-expressing monocytes","volume":"5","author":"Gabrusiewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/not082","article-title":"Increase in tumor-associated macrophages after antiangiogenic therapy is associated with poor survival among patients with recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"15","author":"Snuderl","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuro Oncol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lisi, L., Ciotti, G.M.P., Chiavari, M., Ruffini, F., Lacal, P.M., Graziani, G., and Navarra, P. (2020). Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 in glioblastoma-associated microglia\/macrophages. Oncol. Rep., In Press.","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2020.7553"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1080\/14737140.2018.1489246","article-title":"The eighth edition American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) melanoma staging system: Implications for melanoma treatment and care","volume":"18","author":"Keung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suc.2019.09.011","article-title":"Role of Surgery for Metastatic Melanoma","volume":"100","author":"Enomoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Surg. Clin. North. Am."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2000.00199.x","article-title":"Human melanoma cells secrete and respond to placenta growth factor and vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"115","author":"Lacal","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-1660","article-title":"VEGFR-1 expressed by malignant melanoma-initiating cells is required for tumor growth","volume":"71","author":"Frank","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_159","first-page":"1625","article-title":"An autocrine loop directed by the vascular endothelial growth factor promotes invasiveness of human melanoma cells","volume":"27","author":"Lacal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72868","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.12108","article-title":"Antitumor activity of a novel anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 monoclonal antibody that does not interfere with ligand binding","volume":"7","author":"Graziani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.14755","article-title":"Role of VEGFR-1 in melanoma acquired resistance to the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib","volume":"24","author":"Atzori","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.051041","article-title":"Increased melanoma growth and metastasis spreading in mice overexpressing placenta growth factor","volume":"169","author":"Marcellini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_163","first-page":"241","article-title":"Placenta growth factor induces melanoma resistance to temozolomide through a mechanism that involves the activation of the transcription factor NF-\u03baB","volume":"38","author":"Levati","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00150","article-title":"Biomarkers of Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, and Ewing Sarcoma","volume":"8","author":"Evola","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1586\/14737140.2016.1168697","article-title":"Metastatic osteosarcoma: A challenging multidisciplinary treatment","volume":"16","author":"Meazza","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Anticancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctrv.2013.11.006","article-title":"Osteosarcoma treatment\u2014where do we stand? A state of the art review","volume":"40","author":"Luetke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Rev."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.2017-0268","article-title":"Pediatric Solid Tumors in Children and Adolescents: An Overview","volume":"39","author":"Whittle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.75.1743","article-title":"Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, and Chordoma","volume":"36","author":"Whelan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e27251","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.27251","article-title":"Age dependency of primary tumor sites and metastases in patients with Ewing sarcoma","volume":"65","author":"Worch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4925","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26116","article-title":"Genetic amplification of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway genes, including VEGFA, in human osteosarcoma","volume":"117","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1007\/s00264-012-1663-x","article-title":"Role of vascular endothelial growth factor as a tumour marker in osteosarcoma: A prospective study","volume":"36","author":"Rastogi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Intl. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1895","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-013-0733-z","article-title":"A systematic review of vascular endothelial growth factor expression as a biomarker of prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47711","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.10278","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor polymorphisms are associated with osteosarcoma susceptibility","volume":"7","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-015-0848-x","article-title":"Clinical significance of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and VEGF-A in osteosarcoma","volume":"20","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J. Clin Oncol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1100","DOI":"10.1158\/1541-7786.MCR-14-0037","article-title":"Autocrine VEGF\/VEGFR1 signaling in a subpopulation of cells associates with aggressive osteosarcoma","volume":"12","author":"Ohba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-8-7","article-title":"MicroRNAs at the human 14q32 locus have prognostic significance in osteosarcoma","volume":"8","author":"Sarver","year":"2013","journal-title":"Orphanet J. Rare Dis."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.14416","article-title":"MicroRNA-134 inhibits osteosarcoma angiogenesis and proliferation by targeting the VEGFA\/VEGFR1 pathway","volume":"285","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7068986","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7068986","article-title":"miR-1 Inhibits Cell Growth, Migration, and Invasion by Targeting VEGFA in Osteosarcoma Cells","volume":"2016","author":"Niu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dis Markers"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.3727\/096504009789954627","article-title":"VEGF165 promotes the osteolytic bone destruction of ewing\u2019s sarcoma tumors by upregulating RANKL","volume":"18","author":"Guan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oncol Res."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2106","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.26488","article-title":"CAPER-\u03b1 alternative splicing regulates the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor\u2081\u2086\u2085 in Ewing sarcoma cells","volume":"118","author":"Huang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.05.034","article-title":"Macrophage infiltration predicts a poor prognosis for human ewing sarcoma","volume":"179","author":"Fujiwara","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36746","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.5479","article-title":"Adiponectin promotes VEGF-A-dependent angiogenesis in human chondrosarcoma through PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and HIF-\u03b1 pathway","volume":"6","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39571","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.17142","article-title":"WISP-3 inhibition of miR-452 promotes VEGF-A expression in chondrosarcoma cells and induces endothelial progenitor cells angiogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"v56","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdv295","article-title":"Cancer of the pancreas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"26","author":"Ducreux","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_185","first-page":"E48","article-title":"Pulmonary metastases in pancreatic cancer, is there a survival influence?","volume":"6","author":"Deeb","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1002\/cam4.459","article-title":"Prognostic factors and sites of metastasis in unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer","volume":"4","author":"Peixoto","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Med."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2239","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0142(20000515)88:10<2239::AID-CNCR6>3.0.CO;2-V","article-title":"High expression of vascular endothelial growth factor is associated with liver metastasis and a poor prognosis for patients with ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma","volume":"88","author":"Seo","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.19578","article-title":"De novo expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in human pancreatic cancer: Evidence for an autocrine mitogenic loop","volume":"119","author":"Cramer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.2174\/1566524016666160316153623","article-title":"VEGF Promotes Glycolysis in Pancreatic Cancer via HIF1\u03b1 Up-Regulation","volume":"16","author":"Shi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Mo.l Med."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.15403\/jgld.2014.1121.261.eus","article-title":"Molecular Analysis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Receptors in EUS-guided Samples Obtained from Patients with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Costache","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Gastrointestin. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2016.11.024","article-title":"Triple-amiRNA VEGFRs inhibition in pancreatic cancer improves the efficacy of chemotherapy through EMT regulation","volume":"245","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.114","article-title":"Preventive measures in oral cancer: An overview","volume":"107","author":"Addepalli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.4103\/2231-0762.186805","article-title":"Distant metastasis from oral cancer: A review and molecular biologic aspects","volume":"6","author":"Irani","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3165","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-013-0886-9","article-title":"Prognostic significance of VEGF immunohistochemical expression in oral cancer: A meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tumor Biol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, Y.W., Huang, S.T., Wu, J.C., Chu, T.H., Huang, S.C., Lee, C.C., and Tai, M.H. (2019). HDGF\/HIF-1\u03b1\/VEGF axis in oral cancer impacts disease prognosis. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6229-5"},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"199","article-title":"VEGF Expression in Pancreatic Cancer and Other Malignancies: A Review of the Literature","volume":"53","author":"Costache","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rom. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subarnbhesaj, A., Miyauchi, M., Chanbora, C., Mikuriya, A., Nguyen, P.T., Furusho, H., Ayuningtyas, N.F., Fujita, M., Toratani, S., and Takechi, M. (2017). Roles of VEGF-Flt-1 signaling in malignant behaviors of oral squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0187092"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.3934\/genet.2018.1.75","article-title":"Esophageal cancer research today and tomorrow: Lesson from algae and other perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Tiasto","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIMS Genet."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1186\/s40880-019-0427-z","article-title":"The immune landscape of esophageal cancer","volume":"39","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Commun. (Lond)"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1159\/000478863","article-title":"Circulating Tumor Cells in Esophageal Cancer","volume":"40","author":"Hoeppner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncol. Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_201","first-page":"5221","article-title":"Prognostic role of vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor-1 in patients with esophageal cancer","volume":"34","author":"Kilic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, P.W., Hsieh, M.S., Huang, Y.C., Hsieh, C.Y., Chiang, T.H., and Lee, J.M. (2014). Genetic variants of EGF and VEGF predict prognosis of patients with advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100326"},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, Z., Wu, Y., Yang, J., Yang, D., and Fang, X. (2017). Progress in the treatment of advanced gastric cancer. Tumour Biol., 39.","DOI":"10.1177\/1010428317714626"},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.4251\/wjgo.v10.i6.124","article-title":"Emerging evidence of the molecular landscape specific for hematogenous metastasis from gastric cancer","volume":"10","author":"Shimizu","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastrointest. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-4354","article-title":"Hematogenous metastasis in gastric cancer requires isolated tumor cells and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1","volume":"14","author":"Mimori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2018.02.005","article-title":"VEGFR-2 as a novel predictor of survival in gastric cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"214","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17074","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.7717","article-title":"VEGF promotes gastric cancer development by upregulating CRMP4","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_208","first-page":"793","article-title":"Potential Prognostic Value of Circulating Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth factor-A in Patients with Gastric Cancer","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2005","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.3176","article-title":"PlGF knockdown inhibited tumor survival and migration in gastric cancer cell via PI3K\/Akt and p38MAPK pathways","volume":"34","author":"Akrami","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell. Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1rmol, I., S\u00e1nchez-de-Diego, C., Pradilla Dieste, A., Cerrada, E., and Rodriguez Yoldi, M.J. (2017). Colorectal Carcinoma: A General Overview and Future Perspectives in Colorectal Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18010197"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7407190","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7407190","article-title":"Mechanisms of Metastasis in Colorectal Cancer and Metastatic Organotropism: Hematogenous versus Peritoneal Spread","volume":"2019","author":"Pretzsch","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1208246","article-title":"Expression and function of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 on human colorectal cancer cells","volume":"24","author":"Fan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603143","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor receptor-1 Mediates Migration of Human Colorectal Carcinoma Cells by Activation of Src Family Kinases","volume":"94","author":"Lesslie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1186\/1423-0127-20-39","article-title":"Flt-1 in Colorectal Cancer Cells Is Required for the Tumor Invasive Effect of Placental Growth Factor Through a p38-MMP9 Pathway","volume":"20","author":"Wei","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10563","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.3384","article-title":"Powerful anti-tumor and anti-angiogenic activity of a new anti-vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 peptide in colorectal cancer models","volume":"6","author":"Cicatiello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3393\/jksc.2012.28.6.315","article-title":"Expression of placenta growth factor in colorectal carcinomas","volume":"28","author":"Sung","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Coloproctol."},{"key":"ref_217","first-page":"647","article-title":"VEGF-B expression in colorectal carcinomas and its relevance for tumor progression","volume":"28","author":"Jayasinghe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Histol. Histopathol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-15-1605","article-title":"Intracrine VEGF Signaling Mediates the Activity of Prosurvival Pathways in Human Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"76","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2017.238","article-title":"Intracrine VEGF signalling mediates colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion","volume":"117","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5674","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-18-2123","article-title":"VEGFR1+ Metastasis-Associated Macrophages Contribute to Metastatic Angiogenesis and Influence Colorectal Cancer Patient Outcome","volume":"25","author":"Knipper","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E359","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.29210","article-title":"Cancer incidence and mortality worldwide: Sources, methods and major patterns in GLOBOCAN 2012","volume":"136","author":"Ferlay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-7-23","article-title":"Lymphangiogenesis and lymph node metastasis in breast cancer","volume":"7","author":"Cunnick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.07.013","article-title":"Circulating tumor cell clusters are oligoclonal precursors of breast cancer metastasis","volume":"158","author":"Aceto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.7150\/jca.9835","article-title":"In vivo lymphatic imaging of a human inflammatory breast cancer model","volume":"5","author":"Agollah","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22352","article-title":"Primary Breast Cancer Induces Pulmonary Vascular Hyperpermeability and Promotes Metastasis Via the VEGF\u2013PKC Pathway","volume":"55","author":"Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Carcin."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006285726561","article-title":"Prognostic factors predicting survival from first recurrence in patients with metastatic breast cancer: Analysis of 439 patients","volume":"56","author":"Insa","year":"1999","journal-title":"Breast Cancer Res. Treat."},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101452","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.20843","article-title":"MAPK, NF\u03baB, and VEGF signaling pathways regulate breast cancer liver metastasis","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.1.193","article-title":"MiR-126 Modulates Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer by Targeting VEGF-A \u2013mRNA","volume":"20","author":"Alhasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hunter, S., Nault, B., Chukwunonso Ugwuagbo, K., Maiti, S., and Majumder, M. (2019). Mir526b and Mir655 Promote Tumour Associated Angiogenesis and Lymphangiogenesis in Breast Cancer. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11070938"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/biolre\/iox105","article-title":"Human trophoblast-derived hydrogen sulfide stimulates placental artery endothelial cell angiogenesis","volume":"97","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14446","article-title":"Regulators of the transsulfuration pathway","volume":"176","author":"Sbodio","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_232","first-page":"473","article-title":"Cystathionine- \u03b3-lyase promotes the metastasis of breast cancer via the VEGF signaling pathway","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-06-0461","article-title":"Role of placenta growth factor in malignancy and evidence that an antagonistic PlGF\/Flt-1 peptide inhibits the growth and metastasis of human breast cancer xenografts","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6605746","article-title":"Placental growth factor (PlGF) enhances breast cancer cell motility by mobilising ERK1\/2 phosphorylation and cytoskeletal rearrangement","volume":"103","author":"Taylor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3781","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-3684","article-title":"Proangiogenic factor PlGF programs CD11b(+) myelomonocytes in breast cancer during differentiation of their hematopoietic progenitors","volume":"71","author":"Laurent","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdu042","article-title":"Body mass index and survival in women with breast cancer-systematic literature review and meta-analysis of 82 follow-up studies","volume":"25","author":"Chan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11359","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-014-2434-7","article-title":"Molecular regulation of ovarian cancer cell invasion","volume":"35","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2010.100105","article-title":"Ovarian cancer development and metastasis","volume":"177","author":"Lengyel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.1097\/IGC.0000000000001027","article-title":"Serum Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A as a Prognostic Biomarker for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer","volume":"27","author":"Komatsu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Gynecol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.09.144","article-title":"VEGF111b, a new member of VEGFxxxb isoforms and induced by mitomycin C, inhibits angiogenesis","volume":"441","author":"Gu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-015-0522-0","article-title":"VEGF111b, a C-terminal splice variant of VEGF-A and induced by mitomycin C, inhibits ovarian cancer growth","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0387","article-title":"Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Ovarian Cancer Inhibits Tumor Immunity through the Accumulation of Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells","volume":"23","author":"Horikawa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1104","DOI":"10.1159\/000430235","article-title":"Placental growth factor promotes metastases of ovarian cancer through MiR-543-regulated MMP7","volume":"37","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fardi, M., Alivand, M., Baradaran, B., Farshdousti Hagh, M., and Solali, S. (2019). The crucial role of ZEB2: From development to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and cancer complexity. J. Cell Physiol.","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28277"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1159\/000438635","article-title":"Placental Growth Factor Promotes Ovarian Cancer Cell Invasion via ZEB2","volume":"38","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24853","DOI":"10.1038\/srep24853","article-title":"Soluble VEGF receptor 1 (sFLT1) induces non-apoptotic death in ovarian and colorectal cancer cells","volume":"6","author":"Miyake","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.3802\/jgo.2016.27.e43","article-title":"Advances in diagnosis and treatment of metastatic cervical cancer","volume":"27","author":"Haoran","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Gynecol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5772","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005772","article-title":"High VEGFR1\/2 expression levels are predictors of poor survival in patients with cervical cancer","volume":"96","author":"Dang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1007\/s10147-019-01495-x","article-title":"Serum vascular endothelial growth factor A and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 as prognostic biomarkers for uterine cervical cancer","volume":"24","author":"Sawada","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_250","first-page":"515","article-title":"The upregulated expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in surgically treated patients with recurrent \/ radioresistant cervical cancer of the uterus","volume":"16","author":"Yoshida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_251","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinheiro, C., Garcia, E.A., Morais-Santos, F., Moreira, M.A., Almeida, F.M., Jub\u00e9, L.F., Queiroz, G.S., Paula, \u00c9.C., Andreoli, M.A., and Villa, L.L. (2015). Reprogramming energy metabolism and inducing angiogenesis: Co-expression of monocarboxylate transporters with VEGF family members in cervical adenocarcinomas. BMC Cancer, 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-015-1842-4"},{"key":"ref_252","first-page":"8506","article-title":"Placenta growth factor promotes migration through regulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition-related protein expression in cervical cancer","volume":"7","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Steger, A., Mahner, S., Jeschke, U., and Heidegger, H. (2019). The Formation and Therapeutic Update of Tumor-Associated Macrophages in Cervical Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20133310"},{"key":"ref_254","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellimm.2016.07.001","article-title":"Culture supernatants of cervical cancer cells induce an M2 phenotypic profile in THP-1 macrophages","volume":"310","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Immunol."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R107","DOI":"10.1530\/ERC-15-0123","article-title":"Regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor in prostate cancer","volume":"22","author":"Ntekim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.4997","article-title":"Acidic extracellular pH promotes prostate cancer bone metastasis by enhancing PC-3 stem cell characteristics, cell invasiveness and VEGF-induced vasculogenesis of BM-EPCs","volume":"36","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2017.11.016","article-title":"Dual targeting c-met and VEGFR2 in osteoblasts suppresses growth and osteolysis of prostate cancer bone metastasis","volume":"414","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bender, R.J., and Mac Gabhann, F. (2015). Dysregulation of the vascular endothelial growth factor and semaphorin ligand-receptor families in prostate cancer metastasis. BMC Syst. Biol., 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12918-015-0201-z"},{"key":"ref_259","first-page":"63","article-title":"Microvascular density and immunohistochemical expression of VEGF, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 in benign prostatic hyperplasia, high-grade prostate intraepithelial neoplasia and prostate cancer","volume":"69","author":"Grivas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cent. European J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1002\/mc.22204","article-title":"MiR-130b suppresses prostate cancer metastasis through down-regulation of MMP2","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Carcinog."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s12094-019-02217-5","article-title":"MiR-130b\/TNF-\u03b1\/NF-\u03baB\/VEGFA loop inhibits prostate cancer angiogenesis","volume":"22","author":"Mu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melegh, Z., and Oltean, S. (2019). Targeting Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20112676"},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eisermann, K., and Fraizer, G. (2017). The Androgen Receptor of VEGF: Mechanism of Androgen-Regulated Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel), 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers9040032"},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.2147\/OTT.S161302","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor suppresses dendritic cells function of human prostate cancer","volume":"11","author":"Bai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Onco. Targets Ther."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2637","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V95.8.2637","article-title":"Increased angiogenesis in the bone marrow of patients with acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"95","author":"Ruiz","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2006.01.013","article-title":"Leukemia-stimulated bone marrow endothelium promotes leukemia cell survival","volume":"34","author":"Veiga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-011-0017-9","article-title":"High acute myeloid leukemia derived VEGFA levels are associated with a specific vascular morphology in the leukemic bone marrow","volume":"34","author":"Weidenaar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Oncol."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2016.08.004","article-title":"Placental growth factor: What hematologists need to know","volume":"31","author":"Newell","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.31557\/APJCP.2019.20.3.705","article-title":"Hypoxia-Inducible Factor1-\u0391 (HIF1\u03b1) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A (VEGF-A) Expression in De Novo AML Patients","volume":"20","author":"Jabari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soncn.2019.150950","article-title":"Acute Leukemia: Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"35","author":"Blackburn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Semin. Oncol. Nurs."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2012.10.008","article-title":"Expression and significance of vascular endothelial growth factor A and C in leukemia central nervous system metastasis","volume":"37","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2011.08.019","article-title":"Retrovirus-transformed erythroleukemia cells induce central nervous system failure in a new syngeneic mouse model of meningeal leukemia","volume":"36","author":"Macpherson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-03-769315","article-title":"Central nervous system involvement in acute lymphoblastic leukemia is mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"130","author":"Trentin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0145-2126(03)00188-7","article-title":"Immature B cell malignancies synthesize VEGF, VEGFR-1 (Flt-1) and VEGFR-2 (KDR)","volume":"28","author":"Sunnuqrut","year":"2004","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1097\/MPH.0b013e3181b258df","article-title":"Expression of VEGF and VEGF receptors in childhood precursor B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia evaluated by immunohistochemistry","volume":"31","author":"Diffner","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2402534","article-title":"Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its cellular receptor KDR (VEGFR-2) in the bone marrow of patients with acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"16","author":"Bieker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI8978","article-title":"Autocrine stimulation of VEGFR-2 activates human leukemic cell growth and migration","volume":"106","author":"Dias","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404668","article-title":"VEGF\/PLGF induces leukemia cell migration via P38\/ERK1\/2 kinase pathway, resulting in Rho GTPases activation and caveolae formation","volume":"21","author":"Casalou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exphem.2004.03.005","article-title":"Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 and receptor-2 initiate a phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase-dependent clonogenic response in acute myeloid leukemia cells","volume":"32","author":"List","year":"2004","journal-title":"Exp. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_280","first-page":"5282","article-title":"Up-regulation of VEGF and its receptor in refractory leukemia cells","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2005-06-2530","article-title":"VEGFR-1 (FLT-1) activation modulates acute lymphoblastic leukemia localization and survival within the bone marrow, determining the onset of extramedullary disease","volume":"107","author":"Fragoso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2011.05.007","article-title":"Loss or inhibition of stromal-derived PlGF prolongs survival of mice with imatinib-resistant Bcr-Abl1(+) leukemia","volume":"19","author":"Schmidt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2005.00505.x","article-title":"Placenta growth factor stimulates the growth of Philadelphia chromosome positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by both autocrine and paracrine pathways","volume":"75","author":"Ikai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2011.00051","article-title":"PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR Pathway in Angiogenesis","volume":"4","author":"Karar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Front. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1080\/13543784.2017.1361926","article-title":"Angiogenesis inhibitors in early development for gastric cancer","volume":"26","author":"Pinto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs"},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2019.06.127","article-title":"Temsirolimus as a dual inhibitor of retinoblastoma and angiogenesis via targeting mTOR signalling","volume":"516","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6573","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-06-0831","article-title":"Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-1 Antagonist Antibody as a Therapeutic Agent for Cancer","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V97.3.785","article-title":"Flt-1, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1, is a novel cell surface marker for the lineage of monocyte-macrophages in humans","volume":"97","author":"Sawano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2009.03.006","article-title":"Growth inhibition of AML cells with specific chromosome abnormalities by monoclonal antibodies to receptors for vascular endothelial growth factor","volume":"33","author":"Imai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1517\/14712598.2012.679655","article-title":"Inhibition of placenta growth factor with TB-403: A novel antiangiogenic cancer therapy","volume":"12","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Biol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM10-1370","article-title":"Abstract 1370: RO5323441, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the placenta growth factor, blocks PlGF-induced VEGFR-1 phosphorylation in vitro and tumor growth in vivo","volume":"70","author":"Rizzo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.08.038","article-title":"Anti-PlGF inhibits growth of VEGF(R)-inhibitor-resistant tumors without affecting healthy vessels","volume":"131","author":"Fischer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1634\/theoncologist.2016-0265","article-title":"Randomized Phase II Study of Ramucirumab or Icrucumab in Combination With Capecitabine in Patients With Previously Treated Locally Advanced or Metastatic Breast Cancer","volume":"22","author":"Vahdat","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncologist"},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2015.65.0218","article-title":"Docetaxel As Monotherapy or Combined With Ramucirumab or Icrucumab in Second-Line Treatment for Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma: An Open-Label, Three-Arm, Randomized Controlled Phase II Trial","volume":"34","author":"Petrylak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdw412","article-title":"Randomized phase II study of modified FOLFOX-6 in combination with ramucirumab or icrucumab as second-line therapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer after disease progression on first-line irinotecan-based therapy","volume":"27","author":"Moore","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1093\/neuonc\/nov019","article-title":"Phase 1 dose-escalation study of the antiplacental growth factor monoclonal antibody RO5323441 combined with bevacizumab in patients with recurrent glioblastoma","volume":"17","author":"Lassen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neuro. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2011.08.007","article-title":"Monoclonal antibody TB-403: A first-in-human, Phase I, double-blind, dose escalation study directed against placental growth factor in healthy male subjects","volume":"33","author":"Riisbro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1038\/bjc.2011.609","article-title":"A phase I, dose-escalation study of TB-403, a monoclonal antibody directed against PlGF, in patients with advanced solid tumours","volume":"106","author":"Lassen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4389","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-04-4409","article-title":"AZD2171: A highly potent, orally bioavailable, vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 tyrosine kinase inhibitor for the treatment of cancer","volume":"65","author":"Wedge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-0998-z","article-title":"Fruquintinib: First Global Approval","volume":"78","author":"Shirley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_301","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2019.104567","article-title":"The role of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the treatment of cancers including those of the urinary bladder","volume":"151","author":"Roskoski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, W., Huang, H., Sorrelle, N., and Brekken, R.A. (2018). Sitravatinib potentiates immune checkpoint blockade in refractory cancer models. JCI Insight, 3.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.124184"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, X., Li, Y., Lu, W., Chen, M., Ye, W., and Zhang, D. (2019). The Tumor Vessel Targeting Strategy: A Double-Edged Sword in Tumor Metastasis. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8121602"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/4\/1388\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:58:53Z","timestamp":1760173133000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/4\/1388"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]},"references-count":303,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21041388"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21041388","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,18]]}}}