{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:29:24Z","timestamp":1792002564622,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although there is an increasing evidence that cancer stem cell (CSC) niches in the tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in sustaining solid tumors progression, several molecular players involved in this regulation still remain unknown. The role of \u03b2-adrenergic signaling in enhancing tumor growth through \u03b22-adrenoreceptors (\u03b22-ARs) has been confirmed in different cancer models, but the role played by the \u03b23-adrenergic receptor (\u03b23-AR) has recently emerged. Previous studies showed that \u03b23-AR promotes cancer growth through the activation of different stromal cells in the TME, and leads to melanoma malignancy progression through inflammation, angiogenesis, and immunotolerance. Here we show that in B16 melanoma-bearing mice, the pharmacological \u03b23-AR blockade is able to reduce the expression of CSC markers, and to induce a differentiated phenotype of hematopoietic subpopulations in TME. In particular, cytofluorimetric analysis (FACS) of the tumor mass shows that \u03b23-AR antagonist SR59230A promotes hematopoietic differentiation as indicated by increased ratios of lymphoid\/hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and of myeloid progenitor cells\/HSCs, and increases the number of Ter119 and natural killer (NK) precursor cells, and of granulocyte precursors, indicating active hematopoiesis within the tumor tissue. Moreover, pharmacological antagonism of \u03b23-AR induces mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) differentiation into adipocytes subtracting a potential renewal of the stem compartment by these cells. Here we demonstrate that \u03b23-AR blockade in the TME by inducing the differentiation of different stromal cells at the expense of stemness traits could possibly have a favorable effect on the control of melanoma progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T08:59:47Z","timestamp":1582275587000},"page":"1420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["\u03b23-Adrenoreceptor Blockade Induces Stem Cells Differentiation in Melanoma Microenvironment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0750-4706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maura","family":"Calvani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Oncology\/Hematology, Meyer University Children\u2019s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6252-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gennaro","family":"Bruno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Oncology\/Hematology, Meyer University Children\u2019s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annalisa","family":"Dabraio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Oncology\/Hematology, Meyer University Children\u2019s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Subbiani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Oncology\/Hematology, Meyer University Children\u2019s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5839-4298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Bianchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filippo","family":"Fontani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Oncology\/Hematology, Meyer University Children\u2019s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2375-7324","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriella","family":"Casazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Paediatric Hematology Oncology, Bone Marrow Transplant, S. Chiara University Hospital of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7715-8207","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marina","family":"Vignoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pediatric Oncology\/Hematology, Meyer University Children\u2019s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8360-6929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"De Logu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Frenos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology-Oncology Department, \u201cAnna Meyer Children\u2019s Hospital\u201d, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5310-9147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Filippi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Medical Surgical Fetal-Neonatal Department, Meyer \u201cUniversity Children\u2019s Hospital, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudio","family":"Favre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hematology-Oncology Department, \u201cAnna Meyer Children\u2019s Hospital\u201d, 50139 Florence, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1815345116","article-title":"Toward understanding cancer stem cell heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment","volume":"116","author":"Bocci","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. 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