{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T05:41:35Z","timestamp":1793943695349,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":348,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]],"date-time":"2020-02-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-breeding endometritis (i.e., inflammation\/infection of the endometrium), is a physiological reaction taking place in the endometrium of mares within 48 h post-breeding, aimed to clear seminal plasma, excess sperm, microorganisms, and debris from the uterine lumen in preparation for the arrival of an embryo. Mares are classified as susceptible or resistant to persistent breeding-induced endometritis (PBIE) based on their ability to clear this inflammation\/infection by 48 h post-breeding. Mares susceptible to PBIE, or those with difficulty clearing infection\/inflammation, have a deficient immune response and compromised physical mechanisms of defense against infection. Molecular pathways of the innate immune response known to be involved in PBIE are discussed herein. The role of the adaptive uterine immune response on PBIE remains to be elucidated in horses. Advances in the pathobiology of microbes involved in PBIE are also revised here. Traditional and non-traditional therapeutic modalities for endometritis are contrasted and described in the context of clinical and molecular aspects. In recent years, the lack of efficacy of traditional therapeutic modalities, alongside the ever-increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, has enforced the development of non-traditional therapies. Novel biological products capable of modulating the endometrial inflammatory response are also discussed here as part of the non-traditional therapies for endometritis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,21]],"date-time":"2020-02-21T08:59:47Z","timestamp":1582275587000},"page":"1432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":147,"title":["Persistent Breeding-Induced Endometritis in Mares\u2014A Multifaceted Challenge: From Clinical Aspects to Immunopathogenesis and Pathobiology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Igor F.","family":"Canisso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7526-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo G.T.M.","family":"Segabinazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61802, USA"},{"name":"Department of Animal Reproduction and Veterinary Radiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-000, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carleigh E.","family":"Fedorka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Maxwell H. Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40503, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1745","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.198.010.1745","article-title":"Medical problems of adult horses, as ranked by equine practitioners","volume":"198","author":"Salman","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00143-0","article-title":"Uterine clearance and resistance to persistent endometritis in the mare","volume":"52","author":"Troedsson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1994.tb04346.x","article-title":"Scintigraphic measurement of uterine clearance in normal mares and mares with recurrent endometritis","volume":"26","author":"Leblanc","year":"1994","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20080112","article-title":"Persistent breeding-induced endometritis","volume":"24","author":"Troedsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1071\/RD14390","article-title":"Not just a number: Effect of age on fertility, pregnancy and offspring vigour in thoroughbred brood-mares","volume":"27","author":"Scoggin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.02.028","article-title":"Susceptibility to persistent breeding-induced endometritis in the mare: Relationship to endometrial biopsy score and age, and variations between seasons","volume":"78","author":"Woodward","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.122.20.489","article-title":"Cyclical accumulation of uterine fluid in mares with lowered resistance to endometritis","volume":"122","author":"Allen","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Zent, W.W., Troedsson, M.H.T., and Xue, J.-L. (1998, January 6). Postbreeding uterine fluid accumulation in a normal population of Thoroughbred mares: A field study. Proceedings of the 40th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Baltimore, MD, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(98)00040-5","article-title":"Sperm transport and survival in the mare","volume":"49","author":"Troedsson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2005.00270.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide levels and nitric oxide synthase expression in uterine samples from mares susceptible and resistant to persistent breeding-induced endometritis","volume":"53","author":"Alghamdi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/52.monograph_series1.515","article-title":"Onset and duration of uterine inflammatory response of mares after insemination with fresh semen","volume":"52","author":"Katila","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM19970515","article-title":"Therapeutic considerations for mating-induced endometritis","volume":"13","author":"Troedsson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"283","article-title":"Uterine clearance of non-antigenic markers (51Cr) in response to a bacterial challenge in mares potentially susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infections","volume":"44","author":"Troedsson","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(00)00405-2","article-title":"Factors affecting pregnancy rates and early embryonic death after equine embryo transfer","volume":"54","author":"Carnevale","year":"2000","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.06.029","article-title":"The use of dexamethasone administered to mares at breeding time in the modulation of persistent mating induced endometritis","volume":"70","author":"Bucca","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-12-0452","article-title":"Endometrial inflammatory markers of the early immune response in mares susceptible or resistant to persistent breeding-induced endometritis","volume":"145","author":"Woodward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(91)90348-H","article-title":"Time of embryo transport through the mare oviduct","volume":"36","author":"Freeman","year":"1991","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2017.12.003","article-title":"Embryotoxic cytokines\u2014Potential roles in embryo loss and fetal programming","volume":"125","author":"Robertson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"105","article-title":"Embryo transfer challenges and perspectives","volume":"37","author":"Squires","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reprod. Anim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2016.08.004","article-title":"Endometritis: Managing persistent post-breeding endometritis","volume":"32","author":"Canisso","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2016.08.002","article-title":"Endometritis: Nontraditional therapies","volume":"32","author":"Scoggin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2006.07.003","article-title":"Breeding-induced endometritis in mares","volume":"22","author":"Troedsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.05.040","article-title":"The diagnosis and treatment of endometritis in the mare: Yesterday and today","volume":"70","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.10.012","article-title":"Mating-induced endometritis: Physiology or pathology?","volume":"199","author":"Troedsson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2016.01.003","article-title":"Our current understanding of the pathophysiology of equine endometritis with an emphasis on breeding-induced endometritis","volume":"16","author":"Troedsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.repbio.2016.06.002","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic methods in equine endometritis","volume":"16","author":"Katila","year":"2016","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12403","article-title":"Inflammatory mechanisms of endometritis","volume":"47","author":"Woodward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1071\/RD17157","article-title":"Innate immune genes in persistent mating-induced endometritis in horses","volume":"30","author":"Marth","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-015-2139-3","article-title":"Deep sequencing of the uterine immune response to bacteria during the equine oestrous cycle","volume":"16","author":"Marth","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Genom."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2009.11.008","article-title":"Markers of the uterine innate immune response of the mare","volume":"119","author":"Nash","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2007.04.009","article-title":"Immune parameters in mares resistant and susceptible to persistent post-breeding endometritis: Effects of immunomodulation","volume":"118","author":"Fumuso","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2427(03)00137-5","article-title":"Endometrial IL-1beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, mRNA expression in mares resistant or susceptible to post-breeding endometritis. Effects of estrous cycle, artificial insemination and immunomodulation","volume":"96","author":"Fumuso","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.04.016","article-title":"Effect of immunomodulatory therapy on the endometrial inflammatory response to induced infectious endometritis in susceptible mares","volume":"78","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1111\/evj.12266","article-title":"The effect of treatment with immune modulators on endometrial cytokine expression in mares susceptible to persistent breeding-induced endometritis","volume":"47","author":"Woodward","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12124","article-title":"An investigation of uterine nitric oxide production in mares susceptible and resistant to persistent breeding-induced endometritis and the effects of immunomodulation","volume":"48","author":"Woodward","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"11","article-title":"Mating-induced endometritis: Mechanisms, clinical importance and consequences","volume":"41","author":"Troedsson","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. 40th Am. Assoc. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(94)90173-G","article-title":"Sperm-induced leukocytosis in the equine uterus","volume":"41","author":"Kotilainen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1016\/S0749-0739(17)30618-1","article-title":"Surgery for abnormal vulvar and perineal conformation in the mare","volume":"4","author":"Trotter","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.07.007","article-title":"Risk factors associated with uterine fluid after breeding caused by Streptococcus zooepidemicus","volume":"84","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.05.050","article-title":"Relationships between uterine culture, cytology and pregnancy rates in a Thoroughbred practice","volume":"68","author":"Riddle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"181","article-title":"Results of concurrent bacteriological and cytological examinations of the endometrium of mares in routine stud farm practice 1978\u20131981","volume":"32","author":"Ricketts","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01485.x","article-title":"Clinical and subclinical endometritis in the mare: Both threats to fertility","volume":"44","author":"Leblanc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2010.12.002","article-title":"Comparison of three diagnostic methods to identify subclinical endometritis in mares","volume":"75","author":"Overbeck","year":"2011","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"343","article-title":"Role of anaerobic bacteria in equine endometritis","volume":"35","author":"Ricketts","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"673","article-title":"A study of the incidence of cervical and uterine infection in Thoroughbred mares in Ireland","volume":"66","author":"Collins","year":"1964","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.78.5.168","article-title":"The role of infection in infertility in the thoroughbred mare","volume":"78","author":"Bain","year":"1966","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2012.05.012","article-title":"Cytological diagnosis of endometritis in the mare: Investigations of sampling techniques and relation to bacteriological results","volume":"132","author":"Walter","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2007.04.038","article-title":"Use of a low-volume uterine flush for diagnosing endometritis in chronically infertile mares","volume":"68","author":"LeBlanc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beltaire, K.A., Cheong, S.H., and Coutinho da Silva, M.A. (2012). Retrospective study on equine uterine fungal isolates and antifungal susceptibility patterns (1999\u20132011). Equine Vet. J. Suppl., 84\u201387.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2012.00608.x"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2007.02.008","article-title":"Retrospective study of bacterial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in equine uteri during fertility problems","volume":"84","author":"Frontoso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/1751-0147-44-121","article-title":"Uterine microbiology and antimicrobial susceptibility in isolated bacteria from mares with fertility problems","volume":"44","author":"Albihn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2015.06.006","article-title":"Activation of persistent Streptococcus equi subspecies zooepidemicus in mares with subclinical endometritis","volume":"179","author":"Petersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"McKinnon, A.O., Squires, E.L., Vaala, W.E., and Varner, D.D. (2011). Fungal endometritis. Equine Reproduction, Blackwell Publishing Ltd."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2001.tb00122.x","article-title":"Equine fungal endometritis","volume":"13","author":"Dascanio","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1992.tb02876.x","article-title":"Evaluation of progesterone treatment to create a model for equine endometritis","volume":"24","author":"Hinrichs","year":"1992","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20080117","article-title":"Fungal endometritis in the mare","volume":"24","author":"Stout","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"74","article-title":"Current understanding of bacterial biofilms and latent infections: A clinical perspective","volume":"41","author":"Ferris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Reprod. Anim."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.08.018","article-title":"The evaluation of biofilm-forming potential of escherichia coli collected from the equine female reproductive tract","volume":"35","author":"Beehan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"315","article-title":"Bacterial endometritis: A focus on biofilms","volume":"6","author":"Ferris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Theriogenol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.56.012302.160705","article-title":"Biofilms as complex differentiated communities","volume":"56","author":"Stoodley","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, D., Zhang, Z., Khodursky, A., Kaldalu, N., Kurg, K., and Lewis, K. (2006). Persisters: A distinct physiological state of E. coli. BMC Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-6-53"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.58.7.2383-2385.1990","article-title":"Human polymorphonuclear leukocyte response to Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in biofilms","volume":"58","author":"Jensen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6585","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002794","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus biofilms prevent macrophage phagocytosis and attenuate inflammation in vivo","volume":"186","author":"Thurlow","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9610(03)00306-4","article-title":"Understanding chronic wounds: A unifying hypothesis on their pathogenesis and implications for therapy","volume":"187","author":"Mustoe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(00)01913-2","article-title":"Mechanisms of biofilm resistance to antimicrobial agents","volume":"9","author":"Mah","year":"2001","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/22.6.777","article-title":"Resistance of bacterial biofilms to antibiotics a growth-rate related effect?","volume":"22","author":"Brown","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.36.7.1347","article-title":"Establishment of aging biofilms: Possible mechanism of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial therapy","volume":"36","author":"Anwar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00043-12","article-title":"Cyclic di-GMP: The First 25 Years of a Universal Bacterial Second Messenger","volume":"77","author":"Romling","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14422","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0507170102","article-title":"A chemosensory system that regulates biofilm formation through modulation of cyclic diguanylate levels","volume":"102","author":"Hickman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.2007.05817.x","article-title":"The second messenger bis-(3\u2019-5\u2019)-cyclic-GMP and its PilZ domain-containing receptor Alg44 are required for alginate biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"65","author":"Merighi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02416-08","article-title":"MucR, a novel membrane-associated regulator of alginate biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"75","author":"Hay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.187.4.1441-1454.2005","article-title":"A three-component regulatory system regulates biofilm maturation and type III secretion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"187","author":"Kuchma","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8213","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.01202-06","article-title":"Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa conditional psl variants reveals roles for the psl polysaccharide in adhesion and maintaining biofilm structure postattachment","volume":"188","author":"Ma","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5238","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00637-11","article-title":"Role of exopolysaccharides in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm formation and architecture","volume":"77","author":"Ghafoor","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11353","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1503058112","article-title":"Pel is a cationic exopolysaccharide that cross-links extracellular DNA in the Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm matrix","volume":"112","author":"Jennings","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01536-14","article-title":"Dynamic remodeling of microbial biofilms by functionally distinct exopolysaccharides","volume":"5","author":"Chew","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.27410-0","article-title":"The pel genes of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAK strain are involved at early and late stages of biofilm formation","volume":"151","author":"Vasseur","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.10.082","article-title":"Evaluation of biofilms in gram-negative bacteria isolated from the equine uterus","volume":"34","author":"Ferris","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02861-15","article-title":"In vitro efficacy of nonantibiotic treatments on biofilm disruption of gram-negative pathogens and an in vivo model of infectious endometritis utilizing isolates from the equine uterus","volume":"54","author":"Ferris","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.000677","article-title":"Denture-associated biofilm infection in three-dimensional oral mucosal tissue models","volume":"67","author":"Morse","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E24","DOI":"10.3390\/ht7030024","article-title":"Oral biofilms: Development, control, and analysis","volume":"7","author":"Berger","year":"2018","journal-title":"High Throughput"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00332-17","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00332-17","article-title":"Model of chronic equine endometritis involving a Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm","volume":"85","author":"Ferris","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.05.034","article-title":"Endometrial microbiota\u2014New player in town","volume":"108","author":"Moreno","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verstraelen, H., Vilchez-Vargas, R., Desimpel, F., Jauregui, R., Vankeirsbilck, N., Weyers, S., Verhelst, R., De Sutter, P., Pieper, D.H., and Van de Wiele, T. (2016). Characterisation of the human uterine microbiome in non-pregnant women through deep sequencing of the V1-2 region of the 16S rRNA gene. PeerJ.","DOI":"10.7287\/peerj.preprints.1269v2"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.00208","article-title":"Uterine microbiota: Residents, tourists, or invaders?","volume":"9","author":"Baker","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2016.12.003","article-title":"Review: Maternal health and the placental microbiome","volume":"54","author":"Pelzer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2018.05.156","article-title":"Metagenetic characterization of the resident equine uterine microbiome using multiple techniques","volume":"66","author":"Heil","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00045.2019","article-title":"Role for the mammalian female reproductive tract microbiome in pregnancy outcomes","volume":"51","author":"Heil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Genom."},{"key":"ref_89","unstructured":"Rock, K., Love, B., DeSilva, U., Rezabek, G., Carrington, S., Holyoak, G., Carroll, B., and Gragg, D. (2011, January 11). Detectable differences in the endometrial microbiome between normal and susceptible mares using metagenomic profiling and conventional bacterial culture. Proceedings of the Society of Theriogenology, Milwaukee, WI, USA."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1585467","article-title":"Midtrimester Cervicovaginal Microbiota: Identification of Microbial Variations Associated with Puerperal Infection at Term","volume":"33","author":"Subramaniam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2014.00019","article-title":"Characterization of the vaginal microbiota of ewes and cows reveals a unique microbiota with low levels of lactobacilli and near-neutral pH","volume":"1","author":"Swartz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmy012","article-title":"How uterine microbiota might be responsible for a receptive, fertile endometrium","volume":"24","author":"Benner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12278","article-title":"Serum amyloid A and haptoglobin concentrations are increased in plasma of mares with ascending placentitis in the absence of changes in peripheral leukocyte counts or fibrinogen concentration","volume":"72","author":"Canisso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4320(01)00164-6","article-title":"Interaction between equine semen and the endometrium: The inflammatory response to semen","volume":"68","author":"Troedsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1038\/nri1083","article-title":"The ABCs of granule-mediated cytotoxicity: New weapons in the arsenal","volume":"3","author":"Lieberman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2017.08.002","article-title":"The nonspecific face of adaptive immunity","volume":"48","author":"Muraille","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359","article-title":"Innate immune recognition","volume":"20","author":"Janeway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2000.917309.x","article-title":"Innate immune recognition: Mechanisms and pathways","volume":"173","author":"Medzhitov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1006\/smim.1998.0136","article-title":"Innate immune recognition and control of adaptive immune responses","volume":"10","author":"Medzhitov","year":"1998","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8080","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0804018","article-title":"Crosspresentation of male seminal fl uid antigens elicits T cell activation to initiate the female immune response to pregnancy","volume":"182","author":"Moldenhauer","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-18881-2_6","article-title":"Seminal fluid signaling in the female reproductive tract: Implications for reproductive outcome and offspring health","volume":"868","author":"Schjenken","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00911","article-title":"The tolerogenic function of regulatory T cells in pregnancy and cancer","volume":"10","author":"Persson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80856-9","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: Key controllers of immunologic self-tolerance","volume":"101","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1038\/nri821","article-title":"CD4+ CD25+ suppressor T cells: More questions than answers","volume":"2","author":"Shevach","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01869.x","article-title":"Normal human pregnancy is associated with an elevation in the immune suppressive CD25 + CD4 + regulatory T-cell subset","volume":"112","author":"Somerset","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1037","article-title":"Regulatory T cells mediate maternal tolerance to the fetus","volume":"5","author":"Aluvihare","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1079490","article-title":"Control of regulatory T cell development by the transcription factor Foxp3","volume":"299","author":"Hori","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"993","article-title":"An essential role for Scurfin in CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells","volume":"198","author":"Khattri","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/ni904","article-title":"Foxp3 programs the development and function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells","volume":"4","author":"Fontenot","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2019.10.011","article-title":"Alterations in T cell-related transcripts at the feto-maternal interface throughout equine gestation","volume":"89","author":"Fedorka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.3.1483","article-title":"Prostaglandin E2 induces FoxP3 gene expression and T regulatory cell function in human CD4+ T cells","volume":"175","author":"Baratelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030152","article-title":"Conversion of peripheral CD4+CD25- naive T cells to CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells by TGF-beta induction of transcription factor Foxp3","volume":"198","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1080\/08830185.2019.1609962","article-title":"The complement system, toll-like receptors and inflammasomes in host defense: Three musketeers\u2019 one target","volume":"38","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(93)90247-3","article-title":"The contribution of complement to opsonic activity in the uterine secretions of mares free of endometritis","volume":"39","author":"Hakansson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2015.08.001","article-title":"Inhibition of the alternative complement pathway by antisense oligonucleotides targeting complement factor B improves lupus nephritis in mice","volume":"221","author":"Grossman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3268","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.73.9.3268","article-title":"Control of the amplification convertase of complement by the plasma protein \u03b21H","volume":"73","author":"Weiler","year":"1976","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.147.6.1792","article-title":"Interaction of \u03b21H globulin with cell-bound C3b: Quantitative analysis of binding and influence of alternative pathway components on binding","volume":"147","author":"Conrad","year":"1978","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.146.1.257","article-title":"Human complement C3b inactivator: Isolation, characterization, and demonstration of an absolute requirement for the serum protein \u03b21H for cleavage of C3b and C4b in solution","volume":"146","author":"Pangburn","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)60654-9","article-title":"Structure and Function of the Complement Receptors, CR1 (CD35) and CR2 (CD21)","volume":"46","author":"Ahearn","year":"1989","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2001.1800110.x","article-title":"Structure-function relationships of complement receptor type 1","volume":"180","author":"Atkinson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-8881-6_3","article-title":"Evolution of the complement system","volume":"80","author":"Nonaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Subcell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200104053441406","article-title":"Complement","volume":"344","author":"Walport","year":"2001","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1385\/IR:33:2:103","article-title":"The role of the complement system in innate immunity","volume":"33","author":"Rus","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.12284","article-title":"Self-nonself discrimination by the complement system","volume":"590","author":"Meri","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30774-4","article-title":"Influence of arachidonic acid metabolites in vitro and in uterine washings on migration of equine neutrophils under agarose","volume":"43","author":"Watson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.123.8.193","article-title":"Pre-chemotactic and chemotactic properties of uterine fluid from mares with experimentally induced endometritis","volume":"123","author":"Pycock","year":"1988","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1990.tb04309.x","article-title":"Inflammatory components in uterine fluid from mares with experimentally induced bacterial endometritis","volume":"22","author":"Pycock","year":"1990","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2427(87)90178-4","article-title":"Cellular and humoral defence mechanisms in mares susceptible and resistant to persistent endometritis","volume":"16","author":"Watson","year":"1987","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(84)90422-9","article-title":"Uterine defense mechanisms in the mare: Serum opsonins affecting phagocytosis of Streptococcus zooepidemicus by equine neutrophils","volume":"21","author":"Asbury","year":"1984","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1988.tb01568.x","article-title":"Opsonins in uterine washings influencing in vitro activity of equine neutrophils","volume":"20","author":"Watson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(80)90079-5","article-title":"Immunoglobulins in uterine secretions of mares with differing resistance to endometritis","volume":"14","author":"Asbury","year":"1980","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_132","first-page":"161","article-title":"Preferential production and secretion of immunoglobulins by the equine endometrium\u2014A mucosal immune system","volume":"32","author":"Mitchell","year":"1982","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod49.3.502","article-title":"Immunoglobulin (IgG and IgA) and complement (C3) concentrations in uterine secretion following an intrauterine challenge of Streptococcus Zooepidemicus in mares susceptible to versus resistant to chronic uterine infection1","volume":"49","author":"Troedsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)31872-1","article-title":"Quantitation of the immunoglobulins in reproductive tract secretions of the mare","volume":"37","author":"Widders","year":"1984","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(83)90100-0","article-title":"Immunoglobulin levels, protein concentrations and alkaline phosphatase activity in uterine flushings from mares with endometritis","volume":"19","author":"Williamson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.03.061","article-title":"Modulation of acute uterine inflammatory response after artificial insemination with equine frozen semen","volume":"94","author":"Papa","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1863","article-title":"The role of pattern-recognition receptors in innate immunity: Update on toll-like receptors","volume":"11","author":"Kawai","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.092718","article-title":"Toll-like receptor 4 and MYD88-dependent signaling mechanisms of the innate immune system are essential for the response to lipopolysaccharide by epithelial and stromal cells of the bovine endometrium","volume":"86","author":"Cronin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2010.00928.x","article-title":"Pathophysiological Roles of Chemokines in Human Reproduction: An Overview","volume":"65","author":"Kitaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2005.00287.x","article-title":"Innate and adaptive immunity in female genital tract: Cellular responses and interactions","volume":"206","author":"Wira","year":"2005","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.4172\/2157-7536.1000106","article-title":"Innate Immunity in the Lower Female Mucosal Tract","volume":"2","author":"Farage","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Steroids Horm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2567.2002.01401.x","article-title":"Involvement of ERK, p38 and NF-\u03baB signal transduction in regulation of TLR2, TLR4 and TLR9 gene expression induced by lipopolysaccharide in mouse dendritic cells","volume":"106","author":"An","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2014.05.008","article-title":"Expression pattern of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in different organs and effects of lipopolysaccharide on the expression of TLR 2 and 4 in reproductive organs of female rabbit","volume":"46","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.10.004","article-title":"Gene transcription of TLR2, TLR4, LPS ligands and prostaglandin synthesis enzymes are up-regulated in canine uteri with cystic endometrial hyperplasia-pyometra complex","volume":"84","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"135","article-title":"Time course of defense mechanisms in bovine endometrium in response to lipopolysaccharide","volume":"87","author":"Lavender","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2012.02104.x","article-title":"Immunity and inflammation in the uterus","volume":"47","author":"Turner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.2119\/molmed.2011.00201","article-title":"Natural killer (NK) cells in antibacterial innate immunity: Angels or devils?","volume":"18","author":"Cavaillon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2003.10.003","article-title":"TLR signaling pathways","volume":"16","author":"Takeda","year":"2004","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10689","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.274.16.10689","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-4 mediates lipopolysaccharide-induced signal transduction","volume":"274","author":"Chow","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.109.077370","article-title":"Defining postpartum uterine disease and the mechanisms of infection and immunity in the female reproductive tract in cattle","volume":"81","author":"Sheldon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/der234","article-title":"Toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 on human sperm recognize bacterial endotoxins and mediate apoptosis","volume":"26","author":"Fujita","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1530\/REP-19-0414","article-title":"Sperm enter glands of preovulatory bovine endometrial explants and initiate inflammation","volume":"159","author":"Akthar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reproduction"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ezz, M.A., Marey, M.A., Elweza, A.E., Kawai, T., Heppelmann, M., Pfarrer, C., Balboula, A.Z., Montaser, A., Imakawa, K., and Zaabel, S.M. (2019). TLR2\/4 signaling pathway mediates sperm-induced inflammation in bovine endometrial epithelial cells in vitro. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214516"},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.22955","article-title":"Aproinflammatory response of bovine endometrial epithelial cells to active sperm in vitro","volume":"85","author":"Elweza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2008.00734.x","article-title":"Function of Nod-like receptors in microbial recognition and host defense","volume":"227","author":"Franchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.74.082803.133347","article-title":"NOD-LRR Proteins: Role in Host-Microbial Interactions and Inflammatory Disease","volume":"74","author":"Inohara","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04515","article-title":"Cryopyrin activates the inflammasome in response to toxins and ATP","volume":"440","author":"Mariathasan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2014.07.001","article-title":"Advances in Nod-like receptors (NLR) biology","volume":"25","author":"Douglas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.01.040","article-title":"The Inflammasomes","volume":"140","author":"Schroder","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0903900","article-title":"NLRC5 limits the activation of inflammatory pathways","volume":"185","author":"Benko","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.03.040","article-title":"NLRC5 negatively regulates the NF-\u03baB and type I interferon signaling pathways","volume":"141","author":"Cui","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a001651","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a001651","article-title":"The nuclear factor NF-kappaB pathway in inflammation","volume":"1","author":"Lawrence","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.18.1.621","article-title":"Phosphorylation meets ubiquitination: The control of NF-\u03baB activity","volume":"18","author":"Karin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)80406-7","article-title":"The I\u03baB kinase complex (IKK) contains two kinase subunits, IKK\u03b1 and IKK\u03b2, necessary for I\u03bab phosphorylation and NF-\u03baB activation","volume":"91","author":"Zandi","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2003.12.003","article-title":"IkB kinases: Key regulators of the NF-kB pathway","volume":"29","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1062677","article-title":"Activation by IKK\u03b1 of a second, evolutionary conserved, NF-\u03baB signaling pathway","volume":"293","author":"Senftleben","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-7613(02)00423-5","article-title":"The lymphotoxin-\u03b2 receptor induces different patterns of gene expression via two NF-\u03baB pathways","volume":"17","author":"Dejardin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4202","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600391","article-title":"Activation of IKK\u03b1 target genes depends on recognition of specific \u03baB binding sites by RelB:p52 dimers","volume":"23","author":"Bonizzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20030116","article-title":"The I\u03baB function of NF-\u03baB2 p100 controls stimulated osteoclastogenesis","volume":"198","author":"Novack","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.193.5.631","article-title":"Essential role of nuclear factor (NF)-\u03baB-inducing kinase and inhibitor of \u03baB (I\u03baB) kinase \u03b1 in NF-\u03baB activation through lymphotoxin \u03b2 receptor, but not through tumor necrosis factor receptor I","volume":"193","author":"Matsushima","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2004.03.008","article-title":"The two NF-\u03baB activation pathways and their role in innate and adaptive immunity","volume":"25","author":"Bonizzi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.icb.7100086","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in the gonads and reproductive tract: Emerging roles in reproductive physiology and pathology","volume":"85","author":"Girling","year":"2007","journal-title":"Immunol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2004-5-9-241","article-title":"The cyclooxygenases","volume":"5","author":"Chandrasekharan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2913","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.2913","article-title":"Cutting edge: TNFR-associated factor (TRAF) 6 is essential for MyD88-dependent pathway but not Toll\/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-\u03b2 (TRIF)-dependent pathway in TLR signaling","volume":"173","author":"Gohda","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.01.006","article-title":"LPS\/TLR4 signal transduction pathway","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1255","article-title":"Essential function for the kinase TAK1 in innate and adaptive immune responses","volume":"6","author":"Sato","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.cdd.4400589","article-title":"The proteolytic procaspase activation network: An in vitro analysis","volume":"6","author":"Declercq","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6318","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)39328-7","article-title":"Processing of precursor interleukin1\u00df and inflammatory disease","volume":"265","author":"Hazuda","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9437","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)76559-4","article-title":"Generation of biologically active interleukin 1b by proteolytic cleavage of the inactive precursor","volume":"263","author":"Black","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14657","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.271.25.14657","article-title":"Degradation of interleukin 1beta by matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"271","author":"Ito","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.103.020800","article-title":"Expression of key prostaglandin synthases in equine endometrium during late diestrus and early pregnancy","volume":"70","author":"Boerboom","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.04.054","article-title":"Influence of different semen extenders and seminal plasma on PMN migration and on expression of IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, TNF-\u03b1 and COX-2 mRNA in the equine endometrium","volume":"70","author":"Palm","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_183","unstructured":"Contran, R.S., Kumar, V., Collins, T., and Robbins, S.L. (1999). Robbins Pathologic Basic of Disease, W.B. Saunders. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.04.006","article-title":"Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and 10 (IL-10) mRNA transcriptions in the endometrium of normal mares and mares susceptible to persistent post-breeding endometritis","volume":"94","author":"Fumuso","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589603300605","article-title":"Regulation of P-selectin expression by inflammatory mediators in canine jugular endothelial cells","volume":"33","author":"Sirois","year":"1996","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_186","first-page":"11","article-title":"Innate immunity: The recognition of invaders","volume":"Volume 1","author":"Tizard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Veterinary Immunology"},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/52.monograph_series1.475","article-title":"Smooth muscle electrical activity in the oviduct, and the effect of oxytocin, prostaglandin F2\u03b1, and prostaglandin E2 on the myometrium and the oviduct of the cycling mare","volume":"52","author":"Troedsson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-009-0121-x","article-title":"The clinical value of neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"198","author":"Margraf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200606027","article-title":"Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"176","author":"Fuchs","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia-Romo, G.S., Caielli, S., Vega, B., Connolly, J., Allantaz, F., Xu, Z., Punaro, M., Baisch, J., Guiducci, C., and Coffman, R.L. (2011). Netting neutrophils are major inducers of type I IFN production in pediatric systemic lupus erythematosus. Sci. Transl. Med., 3.","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001201"},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1532","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1092385","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Kill Bacteria","volume":"303","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tacchini-Cottier, F., and Zandbergen, G. (2011). Neutrophil extracellular traps in microbial infections. Neutrophils Ininfectious Diseases, Bentham eBooks.","DOI":"10.2174\/97816080502391110101"},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1038\/417091a","article-title":"Neutrophil elastase targets virulence factors of enterobacteria","volume":"417","author":"Weinrauch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-5822.2006.00857.x","article-title":"Capsule and d-alanylated lipoteichoic acids protect Streptococcus pneumoniae against neutrophil extracellular traps","volume":"9","author":"Wartha","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2012.01028.x","article-title":"Nonencapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae resists extracellular human neutrophil elastase- and cathepsin G-mediated killing","volume":"66","author":"Bootsma","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1891","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00050-12","article-title":"Afa\/Dr diffusely adhering Escherichia coli strain C1845 induces neutrophil extracellular traps that kill bacteria and damage human enterocyte-like cells","volume":"80","author":"Turbica","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2014.08.003","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular traps formation by bacteria causing endometritis in the mare","volume":"106","author":"Carneiro","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.117.4.1162","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory cytokines","volume":"117","author":"Opal","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Christoffersen, M., Woodward, E., Bojesen, A.M., Jacobsen, S., Petersen, M.R., Troedsson, M.H., and Lehn-Jensen, H. (2012). Inflammatory responses to induced infectious endometritis in mares resistant or susceptible to persistent endometritis. BMC Vet. Res., 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-6148-8-41"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i60","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.59.suppl_1.i60","article-title":"Biological role of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist isoforms","volume":"59","author":"Arend","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5771","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.180.9.5771","article-title":"IL-10: The master regulator of immunity to infection","volume":"180","author":"Couper","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)99230-6","article-title":"Interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist binds to the 80-kDa IL-1 receptor but does not initiate IL-1 signal transduction","volume":"266","author":"Dripps","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1695","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.179.5.1695","article-title":"Interleukin 10 (IL-10) upregulates IL-1 receptor antagonist production from lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes by delaying mRNA degradation","volume":"179","author":"Cassatella","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3815","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.147.11.3815","article-title":"IL-10 inhibits cytokine production by activated macrophages","volume":"147","author":"Fiorentino","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0990307","article-title":"Multiple site electromyography recordings of uterine activity following an intrauterine bacterial challenge in mares susceptible and resistant to chronic uterine infection","volume":"99","author":"Troedsson","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3308","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3308","article-title":"Inhibitors of the proteasome pathway interfere with induction of nitric oxide synthase in macrophages by blocking activation of transcription factor NF-\u03baB","volume":"93","author":"Griscavage","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_207","first-page":"557","article-title":"An in vitro investigation of the mechanism of neuromuscular regulation in myometrial contractility","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.11.026","article-title":"Dose-dependent inhibition of uterine contractility by nitric oxide: A potential mechanism underlying persistent breeding-induced endometritis in the mare","volume":"90","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13162","article-title":"Endometrial nitric oxide synthase activity in mares susceptible or resistant to persistent breeding-induced endometritis and the effect of a specific iNOS inhibitor in vitro","volume":"53","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(86)90110-X","article-title":"Clearance of bacteria and non-antigenic markers following intra-uterine inoculation into maiden mares: Effect of steroid hormone environment","volume":"26","author":"Evans","year":"1986","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_211","first-page":"27","article-title":"Immunomodulatory properties of defensins and cathelicidins","volume":"306","author":"Bowdish","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_212","first-page":"70","article-title":"Activities of matrix metalloproteinases-9 and -2 in uterine fluid during induced equine endometritis","volume":"24","author":"Riley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026028303196","article-title":"Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases. An overview","volume":"253","author":"Chakraborti","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2002-0005","article-title":"The matrix metalloproteinase system: Changes, regulation, and impact throughout the ovarian and uterine reproductive cycle","volume":"24","author":"Curry","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12397","article-title":"Physiopathologic mechanisms involved in mare endometrosis","volume":"49","author":"Amaral","year":"2014","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13515","article-title":"Collagens and DNA methyltransferases in mare endometrosis","volume":"54","author":"Fernandes","year":"2019","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2008.03.019","article-title":"The equine endometrosis: New insights into the pathogenesis","volume":"111","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_218","first-page":"530","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinase production by cultured human endometrial stromal cells: Identification of interstitial collagenase, gelatinase-A, gelatinase-B, and stromelysin-1 and their differential regulation by interleukin-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor-alpha","volume":"79","author":"Rawdanowicz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1432-1327.1999.00001.x","article-title":"Local cytokines induce differential expression of matrix metalloproteinases but not their tissue inhibitors in human endometrial fibroblasts","volume":"259","author":"Singer","year":"1999","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2006.00418.x","article-title":"Cytokines regulate matrix metalloproteinases in human uterine endometrial fibroblast cells through a mechanism that does not involve increases in extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer","volume":"56","author":"Braundmeier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.13258","article-title":"Elastase inhibition affects collagen transcription and prostaglandin secretion in mare endometrium during the estrous cycle","volume":"53","author":"Amaral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.02.001","article-title":"Constituents of neutrophil extracellular traps induce in vitro collagen formation in mare endometrium","volume":"113","author":"Amaral","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.10.005","article-title":"Effect of transforming growth factor -\u03b21 on \u03b1-smooth muscle actin and collagen expression in equine endometrial fibroblasts","volume":"124","author":"Lukasik","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_224","first-page":"79","article-title":"Impairment of the interleukin system in equine endometrium during the course of endometrosis","volume":"89","author":"Lukasik","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1067\/mlc.2002.128468","article-title":"Interleukin-1 \u03b2 stimulates human renal fibroblast proliferation and matrix protein production by means of a transforming growth factor-\u03b2-dependent mechanism","volume":"140","author":"Vesey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_226","first-page":"355","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 inhibits collagen synthesis and promotes its decomposition in cultured cardiac fibroblasts","volume":"60","author":"Xiao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sheng Li Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2019.154767","article-title":"Effect of proinflammatory cytokines on endometrial collagen and metallopeptidase expression during the course of equine endometrosis","volume":"123","author":"Baclawska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.4161\/viru.1.5.12983","article-title":"Antimicrobial peptides: The ancient arm of the human immune system","volume":"1","author":"Wiesner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2007.0038.x","article-title":"Innate immunity and host defense peptides in veterinary medicine","volume":"22","author":"Linde","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2007.12.001","article-title":"Antibacterial actions of secreted phospholipases A2. Review","volume":"1781","author":"Nevalainen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.53.2.114","article-title":"Secretory leukoprotease inhibitor: A native antimicrobial protein presenting a new therapeutic option?","volume":"53","author":"Tomee","year":"1998","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2991","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.61.7.2991-2994.1993","article-title":"Selective inhibition of microbial serine proteases by eNAP-2, an antimicrobial peptide from equine neutrophils","volume":"61","author":"Couto","year":"1993","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5042","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.60.12.5042-5047.1992","article-title":"eNAP-2, a novel cysteine-rich bactericidal peptide from equine leukocytes","volume":"60","author":"Couto","year":"1992","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2006.08.005","article-title":"Lactoferrin expression in the horse endometrium: Relevance in persisting mating-induced endometritis","volume":"114","author":"Kolm","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_235","first-page":"699","article-title":"Dynamics in serum of the inflammatory markers serum amyloid A (SAA), haptoglobin, fibrinogen and \u03b12-globulins during induced noninfectious arthritis in the horse","volume":"34","author":"Hirvonen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1186\/BF03547012","article-title":"The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) as an inflammatory marker in equine influenza virus infection","volume":"40","author":"Sandgren","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.55.1011","article-title":"Evaluation of serum amyloid A protein as an acute-phase reactive protein in horses","volume":"55","author":"Nunokawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Vet. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2014.02.007","article-title":"Influence of the uterine inflammatory response after insemination with frozen-thawed semen on serum concentrations of acute phase proteins in mares","volume":"146","author":"Tuppits","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2011.06.037","article-title":"Serum amyloid A is expressed in histologically normal tissues from horses and cattle","volume":"144","author":"Berg","year":"2011","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2010.07.011","article-title":"Evaluation of the systemic acute phase response and endometrial gene expression of serum amyloid A and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in mares with experimentally induced endometritis","volume":"138","author":"Mette","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2005.05.034","article-title":"Endometritis in the mare: A diagnostic study comparing cultures from swab and biopsy","volume":"64","author":"Nielsen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1111\/eve.12280","article-title":"Equine endometrial cytology: Collection techniques and interpretation","volume":"27","author":"Ferris","year":"2015","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1111\/vcp.12194","article-title":"Comparison of equine endometrial cytology samples collected with uterine swab, uterine brush, and low-volume lavage from healthy mares","volume":"43","author":"Bohn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_244","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.07.020","article-title":"Comparison of the cytobrush, cottonswab, and low-volume uterine flush techniques to evaluate endometrial cytology for diagnosing endometritis in chronically infertile mares","volume":"77","author":"Cocchia","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.09.008","article-title":"Diagnostic double-guarded low-volume uterine lavage in mares","volume":"83","author":"Christoffersen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_246","first-page":"8","article-title":"Diagnosis of equine endometritis-Microbiology, cytology and histology of endometrial biopsies and the correlation to fertility","volume":"28","author":"Nielsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_247","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2009.11.006","article-title":"Diagnosis of endometritis in the mare based on bacteriological and cytological examinations of the endometrium: Comparison of results obtained by swabs and biopsies","volume":"30","author":"Nielsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(88)90007-6","article-title":"Use of a low-volume uterine flush for microbiologic and cytologic examination of the mare\u2019s endometrium","volume":"29","author":"Ball","year":"1988","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_249","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cveq.2016.08.001","article-title":"Endometritis: Diagnostic tools for infectious endometritis","volume":"32","author":"Ferris","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Clin. N. Am. Equine Pract."},{"key":"ref_250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.74.1.161","article-title":"Development of a broad-range quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay to detect and identify fungal dna in equine endometrial samples","volume":"74","author":"Ferris","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_251","first-page":"347","article-title":"Prognostic value of endometrial biopsy of the mare","volume":"23","author":"Kenney","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_252","first-page":"72","article-title":"The use of endometrial biopsy in the infertile mare","volume":"22","author":"Doig","year":"1981","journal-title":"Can. Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1991.tb02751.x","article-title":"Assessment of the breeding prognosis of mares using paired endometrial biopsy techniques","volume":"23","author":"Ricketts","year":"1991","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_254","unstructured":"Morrow, D.A. (1986). Equine endometrial biopsy. Current Therapy in Theriogenology, W.B. Saunders Company."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/52.monograph_series1.495","article-title":"Relationship between prostaglandin and uterine clearance of radiocolloid in the mare","volume":"52","author":"Cadario","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.1996.tb01617.x","article-title":"Histomorphological endometrial status and influence of oxytocin on the uterine drainage and pregnancy rate in mares","volume":"28","author":"Rasch","year":"1996","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.128.25.593","article-title":"Investigations into the use of exogenous oxytocin for promoting uterine drainage in mares susceptible to endometritis","volume":"128","author":"Allen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(91)90358-K","article-title":"The effect of uterine lavage performed four hours post insemination on pregnancy rate in mares","volume":"35","author":"Brinsko","year":"1991","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(99)00210-1","article-title":"Dynamics of prostaglandin secretion, intrauterine fluid and uterine clearance in reproductively normal mares and mares with delayed uterine clearance","volume":"52","author":"Cadario","year":"1999","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)00880-4","article-title":"Dose-response effect of intramuscular oxytocin treatment on myometrial contraction of reproductively normal mares during estrus","volume":"58","author":"Madill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)00768-9","article-title":"A comparison of the ecbolic efficacy of intravenous and intrauterine oxytocin treatments","volume":"58","author":"Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)00837-3","article-title":"Effect of oxytocin and PGF2\u03b1 on luteal formation, function and pregnancy rates in mares","volume":"58","author":"Brendemuehl","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_263","unstructured":"Sprayberry, K.A., and Robinson, E. (2003). Persistent Mating-Induced Endometritis. Current Therapy in Equine Medicine, Elsevier Saunders. [5th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.2746\/042516402776767240","article-title":"Effectiveness of a two-dose regimen of prostaglandin administration in inducing luteolysis without adverse side effects in mares","volume":"34","author":"Irvine","year":"2002","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0093-691X(02)00734-3","article-title":"Effect of periovulatory ecbolics on luteal function and fertility","volume":"58","author":"Nie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.2746\/042516408X334343","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of carbetocin, a long-acting oxytocin analogue, following intravenous administration in horses","volume":"40","author":"Schramme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.02.030","article-title":"Ex vivo influence of carbetocin on equine myometrial muscles and comparison with oxytocin","volume":"78","author":"Steckler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_268","unstructured":"Dascanio, J.J. (2011, January 1). How and When to Treat Endometritis With Systemic or Local Antibiotics. Proceedings of the 57th American Association of Equine Practitioners, San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.17221\/8529-VETMED","article-title":"Incidence of bacterial pathogens in equine uterine swabs, their antibiotic resistance patterns, and selected reproductive indices in English thoroughbred mares during the foal heat cycle","volume":"60","author":"Benko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gigu\u00e8re, S., Prescott, J.F., and Dowling, P.M. (2013). Antimicrobial drug action and interaction: An introduction. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. [5th ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118675014.ch1"},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1210","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkl509","article-title":"Porins, efflux pumps and multidrug resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"59","author":"Vila","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_272","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.03.004","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of antibacterial multidrug resistance","volume":"128","author":"Alekshun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_273","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2011.08.003","article-title":"Consequences of intrauterine enrofloxacin infusion on mare endometrium","volume":"32","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_274","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2015.06.013","article-title":"Effects of intrauterine infusion of a water-based suspension of enrofloxacin on mare endometrium","volume":"35","author":"Schnobrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.2746\/095777308X357621","article-title":"The current status of antibiotic use in equine reproduction","volume":"21","author":"Leblanc","year":"2009","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gigu\u00e8re, S., Prescott, J.F., and Dowling, P.M. (2013). Antifungal chemotherapy. Antimicrobial Therapy in Veterinary Medicine, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118675014"},{"key":"ref_277","first-page":"363","article-title":"A practical method for recognizing mares susceptible to post-breeding endometritis","volume":"49","author":"Brinsko","year":"2003","journal-title":"AAEP Proc."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2003.222.1108","article-title":"Effect on fertility of uterine lavage performed immediately prior to insemination in mares","volume":"222","author":"Vanderwall","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4639","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00527-07","article-title":"Metabolic characterization of Escherichia coli strains adapted to growth on lactate","volume":"73","author":"Hua","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.93.3.941-949.1967","article-title":"Gluconate metabolism in Escherichia coli","volume":"93","author":"Eisenberg","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3292.2000.tb00056.x","article-title":"The influence of early postbreeding uterine lavage on pregnancy rate in mares with intrauterine fluid accumulations after breeding","volume":"12","author":"Knutti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. Educ."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/0093-691X(90)90504-M","article-title":"The effect of postbreeding uterine lavage on pregnancy rate in mares","volume":"33","author":"Brinsko","year":"1990","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2006.09.005","article-title":"Effect of sperm numbers and concentration on sperm transport and uterine inflammatory response in the mare","volume":"67","author":"Fiala","year":"2007","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM19970509","article-title":"Effects of oxytocin, prostaglandin and phenylbutazone on uterine clearance of radiocolloid","volume":"13","author":"LeBlanc","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2006.04.031","article-title":"Effect of flunixin meglumine and oxytocin on uterine response to insemination in mares","volume":"94","author":"Reilas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_286","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2011.07.008","article-title":"The effect of treatment with flunixin meglumine at different times relative to hCG administration on ovulation failure and luteal function in mares","volume":"127","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_287","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1530\/jrf.0.0620283","article-title":"Prostaglandins and follicular functions","volume":"62","author":"Armstrong","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Fertil."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.80.3.306","article-title":"Effects of flunixin meglumine on postponement of ovulation in mares","volume":"80","author":"Donnelly","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2010.04.054","article-title":"Treatment of estrous mares with the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug vedaprofen reduces the inflammatory response of the endometrium to insemination","volume":"121","author":"Aurich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/vec.12271","article-title":"The use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in critically ill horses","volume":"25","author":"Cook","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2019.06.045","article-title":"Periovulatory administration of firocoxib did not alter ovulation rates and mitigated post-breeding inflammatory response in mares","volume":"138","author":"Friso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_292","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0531.2009.01572.x","article-title":"Treatment of persistent mating-induced endometritis in mares with the non-steroid anti-inflammatory drug vedaprofen","volume":"45","author":"Rojer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20080116","article-title":"Use of corticosteroid therapy on the modulation of uterine inflammatory response in mares after artificial insemination with frozen semen","volume":"24","author":"Papa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_294","unstructured":"Ruijter-Villani, M., de Grauw, J.C., and de Stout, T.A.E. (2012, January 20\u201321). Post-breeding endometritis: Effect of dexamethasone treatment on the expression of inflammatory markers. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Equine Reproductive Medicine, Leipzig, Germany."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2015.04.019","article-title":"Proteomics of endometrial fluid after dexamethasone treatment in mares susceptible to endometritis","volume":"84","author":"Arlas","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.21836\/PEM20110310","article-title":"The phagocytic function of blood-derived polymorphonuclear neutrophils after administration of dexamethasone for the modulation of post-breeding endometritis in the mare","volume":"27","author":"Ohman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pferdeheilkunde"},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2011.10.042","article-title":"Effect of corticotherapy on proteomics of endometrial fluid from mares susceptible to persistent postbreeding endometritis","volume":"77","author":"Wolf","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2042-3306.2010.00034.x","article-title":"The effects of dexamethasone and prednisolone on pituitary and ovarian function in the mare","volume":"42","author":"Ferris","year":"2010","journal-title":"Equine Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0739-7240(88)90015-X","article-title":"Gonadotropin secretion in ovariectomized pony mares treated with dexamethasone or progesterone and subsequently with dihydrotestosterone","volume":"5","author":"Thompson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/0739-7240(91)90055-O","article-title":"Relationships among LH, FSH and prolactin secretion, storage and response to secretagogue and hypothalamic GnRH content in ovariectomized pony mares administered testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, estradiol, progesterone, dexamethasone or follicular fluid","volume":"8","author":"Thompson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Domest. Anim. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_301","first-page":"197","article-title":"Influence of the adrenal gland on gonadal function","volume":"3","author":"Andrews","year":"1977","journal-title":"Adv. Sex Horm. Res."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(82)90057-5","article-title":"Rat ovary glucocorticoid receptor: Identification and characterization","volume":"39","author":"Schreiber","year":"1982","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/0039-128X(78)90074-0","article-title":"Glucocorticoid inhibition of FSH-induced estrogen production in cultured rat granulosa cells","volume":"32","author":"Hsueh","year":"1978","journal-title":"Steroids"},{"key":"ref_304","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2007.01.010","article-title":"Use of a Mycobacterial cell wall extract (MCWE) in susceptible mares to clear experimentally induced endometritis with Streptococcus zooepidemicus","volume":"27","author":"Rogan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.231.1.107","article-title":"Effect of adjunctive treatment with intravenously administered Propionibacterium acnes on reproductive performance in mares with persistent endometritis","volume":"231","author":"Rohrbach","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-005-5371-1","article-title":"Lactoferrin","volume":"62","author":"Suzuki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1080\/08927014.2013.773317","article-title":"Mini-review: Lactoferrin: A bioinspired, anti-biofilm therapeutic","volume":"29","author":"Ammons","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biofouling"},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.03.005","article-title":"The effect of cysteine-rich secretory protein-3 and lactoferrin on endometrial cytokine mRNA expression after breeding in the horse","volume":"48","author":"Fedorka","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.05.007","article-title":"Lactoferrin modulates uterine inflammation postbreeding in the mare","volume":"56","author":"Darr","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1111\/rda.12813","article-title":"The effect of select seminal plasma proteins on endometrial mRNA cytokine expression in mares susceptible to persistent mating-induced endometritis","volume":"52","author":"Fedorka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Domest. Anim."},{"key":"ref_311","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2018.03.017","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory effect of exogenous lactoferrin on breeding-induced endometritis when administered post-breeding in susceptible mares","volume":"114","author":"Fedorka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_312","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.08.013","article-title":"In vitro susceptibility of established biofilms composed of a clinical wound isolate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa treated with lactoferrin and xylitol","volume":"33","author":"Ammons","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-481X.2011.00781.x","article-title":"Anti-biofilm efficacy of a lactoferrin\/xylitol wound hydrogel used in combination with silver wound dressings","volume":"8","author":"Ammons","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. Wound J."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2017.10.009","article-title":"Evaluation of three methods of platelet-rich plasma for treatment of equine distal limb skin wounds","volume":"72","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2007.02.007","article-title":"Autologous platelet concentrates as a treatment of horses with osteoarthritis: A preliminary pilot clinical study","volume":"27","author":"Carmona","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.162.7.208","article-title":"Autologous platelet concentrates as a treatment for musculoskeletal lesions in five horses","volume":"162","author":"Carmona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Rec."},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.4142\/jvs.2010.11.2.173","article-title":"Autologous conditioned plasma as therapy of tendon and ligament lesions in seven horses","volume":"11","author":"Georg","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_318","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1093\/biolreprod\/52.monograph_series1.539","article-title":"Effect of Adding Autologous Plasma to an intrauterine antibiotic therapy after breeding on pregnancy rates in mares","volume":"52","author":"Pascoe","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.22532","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory effect of platelet-rich plasma on nucleus pulposus cells with response of TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1","volume":"32","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546513507766","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory and matrix restorative mechanisms of platelet-rich plasma in osteoarthritis","volume":"42","author":"Sundman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_321","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2011.05.002","article-title":"Regenerative potentials of platelet-rich plasma enhanced by collagen in retrieving pro-inflammatory cytokine-inhibited chondrogenesis","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.21384","article-title":"Autologous protein solution inhibits MMP-13 production by IL-1\u03b2 and TNF\u03b1-stimulated human articular chondrocytes","volume":"29","author":"Matuska","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arthro.2012.12.005","article-title":"An in vitro evaluation of the anti-inflammatory effects of platelet-rich plasma, ketorolac, and methylprednisolone","volume":"29","author":"Mazzocca","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthrosc. J. Arthrosc. Relat. Surg."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2009.05.006","article-title":"Autologous platelets and leukocytes can improve healing of infected high-energy soft tissue injury","volume":"41","author":"Bielecki","year":"2009","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1051\/ject\/200537381","article-title":"Use of platelet gel and its effects on infection in cardiac surgery","volume":"37","author":"Trowbridge","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Extra Corpor. Technol."},{"key":"ref_326","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transci.2008.01.006","article-title":"Treatment of chronic femoral osteomyelitis with platelet-rich plasma (PRP): A case report","volume":"38","author":"Yuan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transfus. Apher. Sci."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2011.04303.x","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGF\u00ae-Endoret\u00ae) against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis strains","volume":"37","author":"Anitua","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_328","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.4067\/S0301-732X2011000200008","article-title":"In vitro bactericidal activity of equine platelet concentrates, platelet poor plasma, and plasma against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"43","author":"Giraldo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Vet."},{"key":"ref_329","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.89B3.18491","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of autologous platelet gel enriched with growth factors and other active substances","volume":"89","author":"Bielecki","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bone Joint Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1537-2995.2012.03668.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of platelet (PLT)-poor plasma, PLT-rich plasma, PLT gel, and solvent\/detergent-treated PLT lysate biomaterials against wound bacteria","volume":"53","author":"Burnouf","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.20519","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of platelet-leukocyte gel against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"26","author":"Moojen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.01.029","article-title":"Inflammatory response in chronic degenerative endometritis mares treated with platelet-rich plasma","volume":"86","author":"Reghini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_333","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2017.08.007","article-title":"Uterine clinical findings, fertility rate, leucocyte migration, and COX-2 protein levels in the endometrial tissue of susceptible mares treated with platelet-rich plasma before and after AI","volume":"104","author":"Segabinazzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_334","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2013.10.087","article-title":"The effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) on intraluminal fluid and pregnancy rates in mares susceptible to persistent mating-induced endometritis (PMIE)","volume":"34","author":"Metcalf","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2012.06.065","article-title":"The effect of platelet-rich plasma on endometrial pro-inflammatory cytokines in susceptible mares following semen deposition","volume":"32","author":"Metcalf","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scr.2011.01.001","article-title":"Human mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned medium improves cardiac function following myocardial infarction","volume":"6","author":"Timmers","year":"2011","journal-title":"Stem Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2016.02.007","article-title":"Effect of inflammatory environment on equine bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells immunogenicity and immunomodulatory properties","volume":"171","author":"Barrachina","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.22-4-487","article-title":"Plasticity of bone marrow-derived stem cells","volume":"22","author":"Grove","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1634\/stemcells.2006-0828","article-title":"Contribution of bone marrow-derived stem cells to endometrium and endometriosis","volume":"25","author":"Du","year":"2007","journal-title":"Stem Cells"},{"key":"ref_340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jevs.2016.03.002","article-title":"Feasibility and safety of endometrial injection of autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in mares","volume":"42","author":"Alvarenga","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Equine Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_341","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mambelli, L.I., Mattos, R.C., Winter, G.H.Z., Madeiro, D.S., Morais, B.P., Malschitzky, E., Miglino, M.A., Kerkis, A., and Kerkis, I. (2014). Changes in expression pattern of selected endometrial proteins following mesenchymal stem cells infusion in mares with endometrosis. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0097889"},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2014.02.015","article-title":"Use of mesenchymal stem cells or autologous conditioned serum to modulate the inflammatory response to spermatozoa in mares","volume":"82","author":"Ferris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_343","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2018.0056","article-title":"The fate of autologous endometrial mesenchymal stromal cells after application in the healthy equine uterus","volume":"27","author":"Rink","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2012.11.030","article-title":"A novel strategy of mesenchymal stem cells delivery in the uterus of mares with endometrosis","volume":"79","author":"Mambelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719114537715","article-title":"Uterine infusion with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells improves endometrium thickness in a rat model of thin endometrium","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-009-0090-y","article-title":"Immunosuppressive effects of mesenchymal stem cells in collagen-induced mouse arthritis","volume":"59","author":"Mao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.20841","article-title":"Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells induce Th2-polarized immune response and promote endogenous repair in animal models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"57","author":"Bai","year":"2009","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dml004","article-title":"Endometrial receptivity markers, the journey to successful embryo implantation","volume":"12","author":"Achache","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Update"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/4\/1432\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T08:59:25Z","timestamp":1760173165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/4\/1432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]},"references-count":348,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21041432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21041432","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,20]]}}}