{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:33:25Z","timestamp":1790829205559,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":256,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]],"date-time":"2020-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582329600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006823","name":"Boston Children's Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["97906"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["97906"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006823","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013143","name":"Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["96307"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["96307"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013143","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009693","name":"Little Giraffe Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["75449"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["75449"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009693","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The tightly structured neural retina has a unique vascular network comprised of three interconnected plexuses in the inner retina (and choroid for outer retina), which provide oxygen and nutrients to neurons to maintain normal function. Clinical and experimental evidence suggests that neuronal metabolic needs control both normal retinal vascular development and pathological aberrant vascular growth. Particularly, photoreceptors, with the highest density of mitochondria in the body, regulate retinal vascular development by modulating angiogenic and inflammatory factors. Photoreceptor metabolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation may cause adaptive but ultimately pathological retinal vascular responses, leading to blindness. Here we focus on the factors involved in neurovascular interactions, which are potential therapeutic targets to decrease energy demand and\/or to increase energy production for neovascular retinal disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041503","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T03:33:43Z","timestamp":1582515223000},"page":"1503","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Targeting Neurovascular Interaction in Retinal Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8182-2983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhongjie","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"},{"name":"Manton Center for Orphan Disease, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7674-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bertan","family":"Cakir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1013-5737","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yohei","family":"Tomita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongxiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chi-Hsiu","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"S. Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Britton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"S. Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Translational Vision Research, Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Antonetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9259-1244","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ann","family":"Hellstr\u00f6m","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 G\u00f6teborg, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lois","family":"E.H. Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children\u2019s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Oyster, C.W. (1999). The Human Eye: Structure and Function, Sinauer Associates."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.1992.29","article-title":"A morphological comparison of foveal development in man and monkey","volume":"6","author":"Hendrickson","year":"1992","journal-title":"Eye (Lond.)"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1387\/ijdb.041895ms","article-title":"Development and pathology of the hyaloid, choroidal and retinal vasculature","volume":"48","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Dev. 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