{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T23:05:16Z","timestamp":1790550316432,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":104,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sterile and decellularized allograft tendons are viable biomaterials used in reconstructive surgeries for dense connective tissue injuries. Established allograft processing techniques including gamma irradiation and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) can affect tissue integrity. Supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) represents a novel alternative that has the potential to decellularize and sterilize tendons with minimized exposure to denaturants, shortened treatment time, lack of toxic residues, and superior tissue penetration, and thus efficacy. This study attempted to develop a single-step hybrid decellularization and sterilization protocol for tendons that involved SCCO2 treatment with various chemical additives. The processed tendons were evaluated with mechanical testing, histology, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Uniaxial mechanical testing showed that tendons treated with SCCO2 and additive NovaKillTM Gen2 and 0.1% SDS had significantly higher (p &lt; 0.05) ultimate tensile stress (UTS) and Young\u2019s modulus compared to gamma-irradiated and standard-SDS-treated tendons. This was corroborated by the ultrastructural intactness of SCCO2-treated tendons as examined by SEM and FTIR spectroscopy, which was not preserved in gamma-irradiated and standard SDS-treated tendons. However, complete decellularization was not achieved by the experimented SCCO2-SDS protocols used in this study. The present study therefore serves as a concrete starting point for development of an SCCO2-based combined sterilization and decellularization protocol for allograft tendons, where additive choice is to be optimized.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T04:18:29Z","timestamp":1582690709000},"page":"1565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Effects of SCCO2, Gamma Irradiation, and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Treatments on the Initial Properties of Tendon Allografts"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yikan","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vedran","family":"Lovric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rema A.","family":"Oliver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William R.","family":"Walsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Surgical and Orthopedic Research Laboratories, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Prince of Wales Hospital, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales 2031, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2008.06.021","article-title":"The epidemiology of musculoskeletal tendinous and ligamentous injuries","volume":"39","author":"Clayton","year":"2008","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200205000-00017","article-title":"Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injuries among sedentary and physically active adults","volume":"34","author":"Hootman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. 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