{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T01:06:55Z","timestamp":1775696815019,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]],"date-time":"2020-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582588800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004587","name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RD16\/0008\/0016; RD16\/0008\/0020; FIS\/PI 18-00754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RD16\/0008\/0016; RD16\/0008\/0020; FIS\/PI 18-00754"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004587","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) within the \u201cPlan Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica y T\u00e9cnica y de Innovaci\u00f3n 2017\u20132020","award":["FIS\/PI 18-00754"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIS\/PI 18-00754"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Combined administration of N-Methyl-D-Aspartate (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA) on the inner retina was studied as a model of excitotoxicity. The right eye of C57BL6J mice was injected with 1 \u00b5L of PBS containing NMDA 30 mM and KA 10 mM. Only PBS was injected in the left eye. One week after intraocular injection, electroretinogram recordings and immunohistochemistry were performed on both eyes. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) projections were studied by fluorescent-cholerotoxin anterograde labeling. A clear decrease of the retinal \u201cb\u201d wave amplitude, both in scotopic and photopic conditions, was observed in the eyes injected with NMDA\/KA. No significant effect on the \u201ca\u201d wave amplitude was observed, indicating the preservation of photoreceptors. Immunocytochemical labeling showed no effects on the outer nuclear layer, but a significant thinning on the inner retinal layers, thus indicating that NMDA and KA induce a deleterious effect on bipolar, amacrine and ganglion cells. Anterograde tracing of the visual pathway after NMDA and KA injection showed the absence of RGC projections to the contralateral superior colliculus and lateral geniculate nucleus. We conclude that glutamate receptor agonists, NMDA and KA, induce a deleterious effect of the inner retina when injected together into the vitreous chamber.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,26]],"date-time":"2020-02-26T04:18:29Z","timestamp":1582690709000},"page":"1570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Deleterious Effect of NMDA Plus Kainate on the Inner Retinal Cells and Ganglion Cell Projection of the Mouse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Estrella","family":"Calvo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28871 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Santiago","family":"Milla-Navarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28871 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Ortu\u00f1o-Lizar\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5696-8673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Violeta","family":"G\u00f3mez-Vicente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6767-5710","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicol\u00e1s","family":"Cuenca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9856-6616","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"De la Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Germain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Biology, University of Alcal\u00e1, 28871 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Instituto Ram\u00f3n y Cajal de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28034 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.11.006","article-title":"Excitotoxicity and stroke: Identifying targets for neuroprotection","volume":"115","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. 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