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The size of skeletal muscle changes in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stimuli. Although protein-coding RNAs including myostatin, NF-\u03ba\u03b2, and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), have pivotal roles in determining the skeletal muscle mass, the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass remains to be elucidated. Here, we performed expression profiling of nine skeletal muscle differentiation-related lncRNAs (DRR, DUM1, linc-MD1, linc-YY1, LncMyod, Neat1, Myoparr, Malat1, and SRA) and three genomic imprinting-related lncRNAs (Gtl2, H19, and IG-DMR) in mouse skeletal muscle. The expression levels of these lncRNAs were examined by quantitative RT-PCR in six skeletal muscle atrophy models (denervation, casting, tail suspension, dexamethasone-administration, cancer cachexia, and fasting) and two skeletal muscle hypertrophy models (mechanical overload and deficiency of the myostatin gene). Cluster analyses of these lncRNA expression levels were successfully used to categorize the muscle atrophy models into two sub-groups. In addition, the expression of Gtl2, IG-DMR, and DUM1 was altered along with changes in the skeletal muscle size. The overview of the expression levels of lncRNAs in multiple muscle atrophy and hypertrophy models provides a novel insight into the role of lncRNAs in determining the skeletal muscle mass.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T09:30:36Z","timestamp":1582882236000},"page":"1628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Expression Levels of Long Non-Coding RNAs Change in Models of Altered Muscle Activity and Muscle Mass"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7300-5238","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keisuke","family":"Hitachi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masashi","family":"Nakatani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiori","family":"Funasaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ikumi","family":"Hijikata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mizuki","family":"Maekawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4392-6837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahiko","family":"Honda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama 589-8511, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Bioscience and Genetics, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita 564-8565, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3983-5756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kunihiro","family":"Tsuchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division for Therapies against Intractable Diseases, Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science (ICMS), Fujita Health University, Toyoake 470-1192, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e47258","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201847258","article-title":"Energy metabolism in cachexia","volume":"20","author":"Rohm","year":"2019","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-140001","article-title":"Synaptic failure: Focus in an integrative view of ALS","volume":"1","author":"Casas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Plast."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-017-3684-6","article-title":"Muscle wasting in chronic kidney disease","volume":"33","author":"Oliveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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