{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T02:23:59Z","timestamp":1791685439682,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":239,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]],"date-time":"2020-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582848000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009326","name":"Cancer Research Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009326","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000147","name":"Canadian Cancer Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["319412"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["319412"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000147","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NA"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is the most common type of neurodegenerative disease. Its typical pathology consists of extracellular amyloid-\u03b2 (A\u03b2) plaques and intracellular tau neurofibrillary tangles. Mutations in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes increase A\u03b2 production and aggregation, and thus cause early onset or familial AD. Even with this strong genetic evidence, recent studies support AD to result from complex etiological alterations. Among them, aging is the strongest risk factor for the vast majority of AD cases: Sporadic late onset AD (LOAD). Accumulation of DNA damage is a well-established aging factor. In this regard, a large amount of evidence reveals DNA damage as a critical pathological cause of AD. Clinically, DNA damage is accumulated in brains of AD patients. Genetically, defects in DNA damage repair resulted from mutations in the BRAC1 and other DNA damage repair genes occur in AD brain and facilitate the pathogenesis. Abnormalities in DNA damage repair can be used as diagnostic biomarkers for AD. In this review, we discuss the association, the causative potential, and the biomarker values of DNA damage in AD pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T03:13:28Z","timestamp":1583205208000},"page":"1666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Contributions of DNA Damage to Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Xiaozeng","family":"Lin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"},{"name":"Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"The Research Institute of St Joe\u2019s Hamilton, St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anil","family":"Kapoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"The Research Institute of St Joe\u2019s Hamilton, St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"},{"name":"Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"The Research Institute of St Joe\u2019s Hamilton, St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathilda Jing","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"},{"name":"Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"The Research Institute of St Joe\u2019s Hamilton, St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingyi","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"},{"name":"Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"The Research Institute of St Joe\u2019s Hamilton, St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuncheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"},{"name":"Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"The Research Institute of St Joe\u2019s Hamilton, St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Damu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"},{"name":"Urological Cancer Center for Research and Innovation (UCCRI), St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"The Research Institute of St Joe\u2019s Hamilton, St Joseph\u2019s Hospital, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1546","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)10203-8","article-title":"Auguste D and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"349","author":"Maurer","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1007\/s100480050033","article-title":"Histopathology and APOE genotype of the first Alzheimer disease patient, Auguste D","volume":"1","author":"Graeber","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurogenetics"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00014167","article-title":"Reanalysis of the first case of Alzheimer\u2019s 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