{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T05:31:54Z","timestamp":1782451914930,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":381,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]],"date-time":"2020-02-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1582934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Unicellular eukaryotes of the Trypanosomatidae family include human and animal pathogens that belong to the Trypanosoma and Leishmania genera. Diagnosis of the diseases they cause requires the sampling of body fluids (e.g., blood, lymph, peritoneal fluid, cerebrospinal fluid) or organ biopsies (e.g., bone marrow, spleen), which are mostly obtained through invasive methods. Body fluids or appendages can be alternatives to these invasive biopsies but appropriateness remains poorly studied. To further address this question, we perform a systematic review on clues evidencing the presence of parasites, genetic material, antibodies, and antigens in body secretions, appendages, or the organs or proximal tissues that produce these materials. Paper selection was based on searches in PubMed, Web of Science, WorldWideScience, SciELO, Embase, and Google. The information of each selected article (n = 333) was classified into different sections and data were extracted from 77 papers. The presence of Trypanosomatidae parasites has been tracked in most of organs or proximal tissues that produce body secretions or appendages, in naturally or experimentally infected hosts. The meta-analysis highlights the paucity of studies on human African trypanosomiasis and an absence on animal trypanosomiasis. Among the collected data high heterogeneity in terms of the I2 statistic (100%) is recorded. A high positivity is recorded for antibody and genetic material detection in urine of patients and dogs suffering leishmaniasis, and of antigens for leishmaniasis and Chagas disease. Data on conjunctival swabs can be analyzed with molecular methods solely for dogs suffering canine visceral leishmaniasis. Saliva and hair\/bristles showed a pretty good positivity that support their potential to be used for leishmaniasis diagnosis. In conclusion, our study pinpoints significant gaps that need to be filled in order to properly address the interest of body secretion and hair or bristles for the diagnosis of infections caused by Leishmania and by other Trypanosomatidae parasites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,3]],"date-time":"2020-03-03T03:13:28Z","timestamp":1583205208000},"page":"1684","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Noninvasive Biological Samples to Detect and Diagnose Infections due to Trypanosomatidae Parasites: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0034-9291","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis","family":"Sereno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9velopement, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032  Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9velopement, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, UMR MIVEGEC IRD, CNRS, 34032 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Akhoundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology-Mycology Department, Avicenne Hospital, AP-HP, 93000 Bobigny, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kourosh","family":"Sayehmri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychosocial Injuries Research Center, Department of Biostatistics, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asad","family":"Mirzaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Parasitology Department, Paramedical School, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran"},{"name":"Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam 6931851147, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8919-9081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe","family":"Holzmuller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIRAD, UMR ASTRE \u201cAnimal, Sant\u00e9, Territoires, Risques et Ecosyst\u00e8mes\u201d, F-34398 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"ASTRE, CIRAD, INRAE, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier (I-MUSE), 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Lejon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9velopement, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032  Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3270-6476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Etienne","family":"Waleckx","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche pour le D\u00e9velopement, Universit\u00e9 de Montpellier, UMR INTERTRYP IRD, CIRAD, 34032  Montpellier, France"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Regionales \u00abDr Hideyo Noguchi\u00bb, Universidad aut\u00f2noma de yucat\u00e1n, Merida, Yucat\u00e1n 97000, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2006.02.006","article-title":"The evolution and diversity of kinetoplastid flagellates","volume":"22","author":"Simpson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60829-1","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"375","author":"Brun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6127","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0801777105","article-title":"Global metabolic responses of mice to Trypanosoma brucei brucei infection","volume":"105","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akhoundi, M., Kuhls, K., Cannet, A., Vot\u00fdpka, J., Marty, P., Delaunay, P., and Sereno, D. (2016). A Historical Overview of the Classification, Evolution, and Dispersion of Leishmania Parasites and Sandflies. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004349"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2019.100540","article-title":"Leishmania (Mundinia) spp.: From description to emergence as new human and animal Leishmania pathogens","volume":"30","author":"Sereno","year":"2019","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Truc, P., B\u00fcscher, P., Cuny, G., Gonzatti, M.I., Jannin, J., Joshi, P., Juyal, P., Lun, Z.-R., Mattioli, R., and Pays, E. (2013). Atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002256"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.08.034","article-title":"A systematic review and meta-analysis of small ruminant and porcine trypanosomiasis prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa (1986 to 2018)","volume":"188","author":"Ebhodaghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2018.09.018","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the prevalence of bovine trypanosomiasis in some African countries from 2000 to 2018","volume":"160","author":"Ebhodaghe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI33945","article-title":"Kinetoplastids: Related protozoan pathogens, different diseases","volume":"118","author":"Stuart","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.079","article-title":"Venereal transmission of canine visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"160","author":"Silva","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20141368","article-title":"Transmission routes of visceral leishmaniasis in mammals","volume":"45","author":"Alves","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ci\u00eanc. Rural"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4108","article-title":"Sexual and vertical transmission of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"8","author":"Turchetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dev. Ctries."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(60)90052-0","article-title":"Leishmaniasis acquired by contagion: A case of marital infection in Britain","volume":"1","author":"SYMMERS","year":"1960","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-4362.2002.01610.x","article-title":"Presence of Leishmania organisms in specific and non-specific skin lesions in HIV-infected individuals with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"41","author":"Bosch","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.2001.219.1076","article-title":"Transmission of visceral leishmaniasis through blood transfusions from infected English foxhounds to anemic dogs","volume":"219","author":"Owens","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050449d","article-title":"Congenital visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Boehme","year":"2006","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05214-X","article-title":"A congenital case of Kala-azar","volume":"13","author":"Low","year":"1926","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvar, J., V\u00e9lez, I.D., Bern, C., Herrero, M., Desjeux, P., Cano, J., Jannin, J., and den Boer, M. (2012). WHO Leishmaniasis Control Team Leishmaniasis worldwide and global estimates of its incidence. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0035671"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31204-2","article-title":"Leishmaniasis","volume":"392","author":"Burza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eddaikra, N., Kherachi Djenad, I., Benbetka, S., Benikhlef, R., A\u00eft-Oudhia, K., Moulti-Mati, F., Oury, B., Sereno, D., and Harrat, Z. (2016). Development of a Murine Infection Model with Leishmania killicki, Responsible for Cutaneous Leishmaniosis in Algeria: Application in Pharmacology. BioMed Res. Int., 2016.","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7985104"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ostyn, B., Gidwani, K., Khanal, B., Picado, A., Chappuis, F., Singh, S.P., Rijal, S., Sundar, S., and Boelaert, M. (2011). Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic Leishmania donovani infections in high-endemic foci in India and Nepal: A prospective study. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001284"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.05.002","article-title":"A prospective study on the dynamics of the clinical and immunological evolution of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi infection in the Brazilian Amazon region","volume":"104","author":"Silveira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Travi, B.L., Cordeiro-da-Silva, A., Dantas-Torres, F., and Mir\u00f3, G. (2018). Canine visceral leishmaniasis: Diagnosis and management of the reservoir living among us. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006082"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.04.001","article-title":"Prognosis and monitoring of leishmaniasis in dogs: A working group report","volume":"198","author":"Roura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2007.09.004","article-title":"Histopathological features of ocular leishmaniosis in the dog","volume":"138","author":"Naranjo","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-012-0259-3","article-title":"Chagas disease in non-endemic countries: epidemiology, clinical presentation and treatment","volume":"14","author":"Norman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31612-4","article-title":"Chagas disease","volume":"391","author":"Molina","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet (Lond. Engl.)"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Arnal, A., Waleckx, E., Rico-Ch\u00e1vez, O., Herrera, C., and Dumonteil, E. (2019). Estimating the current burden of Chagas disease in Mexico: A systematic review and meta-analysis of epidemiological surveys from 2006 to 2017. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006859"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-Dos-Santos, D., Barreto-de-Albuquerque, J., Guerra, B., Moreira, O.C., Berbert, L.R., Ramos, M.T., Mascarenhas, B.A.S., Britto, C., Morrot, A., and Serra Villa-Verde, D.M. (2017). Unraveling Chagas disease transmission through the oral route: Gateways to Trypanosoma cruzi infection and target tissues. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005507"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Telleria, J., and Tibayrenc, M. (2017). American Trypanosomiasis (Chagas Disease), One Hundred Years of Research, Elservier INC. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"367","article-title":"Chagasic meningoencephalitis with detection of Trypanosoma cruzi in the cerebrospinal fluid of an immunodepressed patient","volume":"97","author":"Jardim","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(09)70088-X","article-title":"Chagasic encephalitis in HIV patients: Common presentation of an evolving epidemiological and clinical association","volume":"9","author":"Diazgranados","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e29","DOI":"10.1017\/S1462399410001560","article-title":"The endless race between Trypanosoma cruzi and host immunity: Lessons for and beyond Chagas disease","volume":"12","author":"Junqueira","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert. Rev. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1983.32.258","article-title":"Chagas\u2019 disease: A clinical, parasitological, immunological, and pathological study in rabbits","volume":"32","author":"Teixeira","year":"1983","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-018-2512-3","article-title":"Lower urinary tract dysfunction in chronic Chagas disease: Clinical and urodynamic presentation","volume":"37","author":"Bey","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"da Silva Junior, G.B., Am\u00e9lia Reis Jereissati, A., Karoline Medina Neri, A., da Costa Lino, D.O., de Oliveira, J.G.R., and De Francesco Daher, E. (2018). Neglected Tropical Diseases with an Impact on Kidney Function. IntechOpen."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nefrol.2016.12.001","article-title":"Chagas disease-associated kidney injury \u2013 A review","volume":"14","author":"Antunes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nefrol. Latinoam."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2011.05224.x","article-title":"Reactivation of Chagas\u2019 disease: cutaneous manifestations in two immunosuppressed patients","volume":"51","author":"Riganti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"257","article-title":"Epidemiology of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"6","author":"Franco","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"341","article-title":"Human African trypanosomiasis: Present and future treatment","volume":"95","author":"Dumas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"65","article-title":"Current status of trypanosomiasis","volume":"57","author":"Dumas","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Le, D., and Pge, K. (2000). Neurological aspects of human African trypanosomiasis. Infectious Diseases of the Nervous System, Butterwort."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"124","article-title":"Sleeping sickness in Europeans: A review of 109 cases","volume":"69","author":"Duggan","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"142","article-title":"The heart in human African trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma gambiense","volume":"60","author":"Collomb","year":"1967","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"337","article-title":"Cardiac disorders in human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma gambiense","volume":"13","author":"Collomb","year":"1968","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Med. Afr. Noire Lang. Fr."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"497","article-title":"Cardiac valvulitis in human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"54","author":"Poltera","year":"1977","journal-title":"East Afr. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"117","article-title":"African human trypanosomal pancarditis involving the conduting system and all valves","volume":"43","author":"Poltera","year":"1975","journal-title":"Pathol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00430644","article-title":"Pancarditis with valvulitis in endomyocardial fibrosis (=emf) and in human African trypanosomiasis (= hat). A comparative histological study of four Ugandan cases","volume":"375","author":"Poltera","year":"1977","journal-title":"Virchows Arch. A"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)30831-2","article-title":"Development of Trypanosoma congolense, T vivax and T brucei in the skin reaction induced in goats by infected Glossina morsitans centralis: A light and electron microscopical study","volume":"44","author":"Dwinger","year":"1988","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1995.01690220084016","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of African trypanosomiasis","volume":"131","author":"McGovern","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"2318","article-title":"Cutaneous lesions in human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"58","author":"Tatibouet","year":"1982","journal-title":"Sem. Hop."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17716","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.17716","article-title":"The skin is a significant but overlooked anatomical reservoir for vector-borne African trypanosomes","volume":"5","author":"Capewell","year":"2016","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caljon, G., Van Reet, N., De Trez, C., Vermeersch, M., P\u00e9rez-Morga, D., and Van Den Abbeele, J. (2016). The Dermis as a Delivery Site of Trypanosoma brucei for Tsetse Flies. PLoS Pathog., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005744"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3484-x","article-title":"Equine trypanosomosis: Enigmas and diagnostic challenges","volume":"12","author":"Gonzatti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4017(85)90009-3","article-title":"Oral transmission of Trypanosoma evansi infection in dogs and mice","volume":"18","author":"Raina","year":"1985","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"306","article-title":"Outbreak of trypanosomiasis evansi amongst tigers and jaguars in the zoological garden, Calcutta","volume":"48","author":"Sinha","year":"1971","journal-title":"Indian Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/2008153233","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of African trypanosomiasis: The contributions of David George Godfrey OBE to the biochemical characterization of trypanosomes","volume":"15","author":"Gibson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.34.2.2382","article-title":"Cattle trypanosomosis: The diversity of trypanosomes and implications for disease epidemiology and control","volume":"34","author":"Auty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Tech."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2003.12.014","article-title":"Mechanical transmission of Trypanosoma congolense in cattle by the African tabanid Atylotus agrestis","volume":"105","author":"Desquesnes","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.04.012","article-title":"Animal African Trypanosomiasis: Time to Increase Focus on Clinically Relevant Parasite and Host Species","volume":"32","author":"Morrison","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1038\/277603a0","article-title":"Pathogenesis of animal trypanosomiasis","volume":"277","author":"Cox","year":"1979","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor, K., and Authi\u00e9, E.M.L. (2004). Pathogenesis of animal trypanosomiasis. The Trypanosomiases, Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International.","DOI":"10.1079\/9780851994758.0331"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2240","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00553-10","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of Old World Leishmaniasis by high-resolution melting analysis of the 7SL RNA gene","volume":"48","author":"Nasereddin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-112","article-title":"Identification of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units (DTUs) through the implementation of a high-resolution melting (HRM) genotyping assay","volume":"6","author":"Higuera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-13","article-title":"Simplified molecular detection of Leishmania parasites in various clinical samples from patients with leishmaniasis","volume":"3","author":"Mugasa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1086\/592509","article-title":"A simplified and standardized polymerase chain reaction format for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis","volume":"198","author":"Deborggraeve","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E63","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.12.e63","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification of DNA","volume":"28","author":"Notomi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-280","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for detection of Leishmania DNA in buffy coat from visceral leishmaniasis patients","volume":"5","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5517","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5517-5524.2003","article-title":"Loop-mediated isothermal amplification for detection of African trypanosomes","volume":"41","author":"Kuboki","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-101-25009","article-title":"Fluorescent-antibody technic for serodiagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection","volume":"101","author":"Fife","year":"1959","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"200","article-title":"Indirect immunofluorescence method in sleeping sickness (T. rhodesiense) with Trypanosoma brucei as antigen","volume":"29","author":"Fricker","year":"1972","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1051\/parasite\/1975501001","article-title":"Ecology of leishmaniasis in the south of France. 8. Complement to the epidemiological application of the immunofluorescence technic: Geometric and arithmetic mean titers in canine leighmaniasis","volume":"50","author":"Lanotte","year":"1975","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol. Hum. Comp."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Connor, R. (1991, January 24\u201326). The diagnosis, treatment and prevention of animal trypanosomiasis under field conditions. Proceedings of the FAO Panel of Experts, Harare, Zimbabwe."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"169","article-title":"A card-agglutination test with stained trypanosomes (C.A.T.T.) for the serological diagnosis of T. B. gambiense trypanosomiasis","volume":"58","author":"Magnus","year":"1978","journal-title":"Ann. Soc. Belg. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1177\/1040638715626487","article-title":"Seroprevalence of Trypanosoma evansi infection in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris) from a nonendemic area in Brazil","volume":"28","author":"Soares","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(00)00155-8","article-title":"Latex agglutination test for the detection of urinary antigens in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"78","author":"Attar","year":"2001","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2877","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.10.2877-2881.1998","article-title":"A nested-PCR-based schizodeme method for identifying Leishmania kinetoplast minicircle classes directly from clinical samples and its application to the study of the epidemiology of Leishmania tropica in Pakistan","volume":"36","author":"Noyes","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00270-4","article-title":"Applications of PCR-based tools for detection and identification of animal trypanosomes: A review and perspectives","volume":"109","author":"Desquesnes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009006179","article-title":"Species-specific probes for the identification of the African tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes","volume":"136","author":"Gibson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01430-08","article-title":"Nucleic acid sequence-based amplification with oligochromatography for detection of Trypanosoma brucei in clinical samples","volume":"47","author":"Mugasa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2010.02547.x","article-title":"Accordance and concordance of PCR and NASBA followed by oligochromatography for the molecular diagnosis of Trypanosoma brucei and Leishmania","volume":"15","author":"Mugasa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00020-1","article-title":"The application of PCR-ELISA to the detection of Trypanosoma brucei and T. vivax infections in livestock","volume":"105","author":"Masake","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2004.01.015","article-title":"A new PCR-ELISA for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in blood of HIV-negative subjects","volume":"99","author":"Hutse","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2009.06.017","article-title":"Specific detection and identification of African trypanosomes in bovine peripheral blood by means of a PCR-ELISA assay","volume":"164","author":"Cabrera","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2003.08.004","article-title":"PCR-RFLP using Ssu-rDNA amplification: Applicability for the diagnosis of mixed infections with different trypanosome species in cattle","volume":"117","author":"Delespaux","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2004.10.023","article-title":"Real time PCR strategy for the identification of major lineages of Trypanosoma cruzi directly in chronically infected human tissues","volume":"35","author":"Freitas","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-5928-1","article-title":"Limit of detection of PCR\/RFLP analysis of cytochrome oxidase II for the identification of genetic groups of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli in biological material from vertebrate hosts","volume":"117","author":"Kimoto","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2016.11.012","article-title":"Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis","volume":"57","author":"Akhoundi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mol. Aspects Med."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.2001.11813676","article-title":"Characterization of Trypanosoma brucei stocks using PCR-RFLP analysis of ribosomal internal transcribed spacers (IRT)","volume":"95","author":"Tilley","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(97)90189-9","article-title":"Parasite genome analysis. Genome research in Trypanosoma brucei: Chromosome size polymorphism and its relevance to genome mapping and analysis","volume":"91","author":"Melville","year":"1997","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(90)90164-H","article-title":"Chromosomal localization of seven cloned antigen genes provides evidence of diploidy and further demonstration of karyotype variability in Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"42","author":"Henriksson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Besuschio, S.A., Llano Murcia, M., Benatar, A.F., Monnerat, S., Cruz, I., Picado, A., Curto, M.d.L.\u00c1., Kubota, Y., Wehrendt, D.P., and Pavia, P. (2017). Analytical sensitivity and specificity of a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) kit prototype for detection of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in human blood samples. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005779"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.08.012","article-title":"Clinical management of East African trypanosomiasis in South Africa: Lessons learned","volume":"75","author":"Frean","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_94","first-page":"706","article-title":"Le x\u00e9nodiagnostic. Application au diagnostic de quelques infections parasitaires et en particulier \u00e0 la Trypanosomose de Chagas","volume":"7","author":"Brumpt","year":"1914","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0765-x","article-title":"Xenodiagnosis of Leishmania donovani in BALB\/c mice using Phlebotomus orientalis: A new laboratory model","volume":"8","author":"Sadlova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1664-5","article-title":"Quantification by real-time PCR of Trypanosoma cruzi DNA in samples of Triatoma infestans used in xenodiagnosis of chronic Chagas disease patients","volume":"9","author":"Saavedra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"871","article-title":"Application of xenodiagnosis in the detection of T. gambiense trypanosomiasis in immunologically suspect patients","volume":"64","author":"Frezil","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0131-2017","article-title":"New strategy to improve quality control of Montenegro skin test at the production level","volume":"50","author":"Guedes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_99","first-page":"96","article-title":"A comparative study of antigen and antibody detection in visceral leishmaniasis using serum and urine-based ELISA","volume":"25","author":"Sarkari","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2018.05.019","article-title":"Course of serological tests in treated subjects with chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data","volume":"73","author":"Sguassero","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.44.2.291-296.2006","article-title":"Purified Excreted-Secreted Antigens from Trypanosoma cruzi Trypomastigotes as Tools for Diagnosis of Chagas\u2019 Disease","volume":"44","author":"Berrizbeitia","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_102","first-page":"267","article-title":"Antigen-detection enzyme immunoassays for the diagnosis of Trypanosoma vivax, T. congolense and T. brucei infections in cattle","volume":"40","author":"Nantulya","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_103","first-page":"390","article-title":"Value of indirect immunofluorescence in the diagnosis of \u201cTrypanosoma gambiense\u201d trypanosomiasis. 46 cases (author\u2019s translation)","volume":"68","author":"Nozais","year":"1975","journal-title":"Bull. Soc. Pathol. Exot. Filiales"},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"231","article-title":"L\u2019antig\u00e8ne \u201cTrypanosoma gambiense\u201d dans la r\u00e9action d\u2019immunofluorescence indirecte","volume":"16","author":"Frezil","year":"1978","journal-title":"Cah. ORSTOM"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"281","article-title":"In search of an ideal test for diagnosis and prognosis of kala-azar","volume":"28","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Health Popul. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38917.503056.7C","article-title":"A meta-analysis of the diagnostic performance of the direct agglutination test and rK39 dipstick for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"333","author":"Chappuis","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1210373","article-title":"Rapid diagnostic test for sleeping sickness","volume":"368","author":"Gilleman","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lejon, V., B\u00fcscher, P., Nzoumbou-Boko, R., Bossard, G., Jamonneau, V., Bucheton, B., Truc, P., Lemesre, J.-L., Solano, P., and Vincendeau, P. (2019). The separation of trypanosomes from blood by anion exchange chromatography: From Sheila Lanham\u2019s discovery 50 years ago to a gold standard for sleeping sickness diagnosis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007051"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2018.05.021","article-title":"Immunodetection and molecular determination of visceral and cutaneous Leishmania infection using patients\u2019 urine","volume":"63","author":"Mirzaei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Genet. Evol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0111","article-title":"Identification of a Western blot pattern for the specific diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in human sera","volume":"86","author":"Riera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2924","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00845-17","article-title":"Identification of Leishmania by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight (MALDI-TOF) Mass Spectrometry Using a Free Web-Based Application and a Dedicated Mass-Spectral Library","volume":"55","author":"Lachaud","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.3763","article-title":"Direct identification of trypanosomatids by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (DIT MALDI-TOF MS)","volume":"51","author":"Avila","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2009.05.004","article-title":"The role of host genetics in leishmaniasis","volume":"25","author":"Sakthianandeswaren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2008.12.004","article-title":"Trypanotolerance in small ruminants of sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"25","author":"Geerts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2007","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010000946","article-title":"A spectrum of disease in human African trypanosomiasis: The host and parasite genetics of virulence","volume":"137","author":"Sternberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1111\/1469-0691.12793","article-title":"Host genetics and parasitic infections","volume":"20","author":"Mangano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(66)90286-0","article-title":"Survival of trypanosoma cruzi in human saliva and urine","volume":"60","author":"Marsden","year":"1966","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(91)90226-O","article-title":"Human urine stimulates growth of Leishmania in vitro","volume":"85","author":"Howard","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1993.48.530","article-title":"Leishmania donovani parasites in the nasal secretions, tonsillopharyngeal mucosa, and urine centrifugates of visceral leishmaniasis patients in Kenya","volume":"48","author":"Mebrahtu","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.12.011","article-title":"Isolation and molecular characterization of Leishmania infantum in urine from patients with visceral leishmaniasis in Brazil","volume":"178","author":"Hartkopf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.78.741","article-title":"Leishmania infantum DNA detection in urine from patients with visceral leishmaniasis and after treatment control","volume":"78","author":"Fisa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-4758(96)90062-9","article-title":"Viable Leishmania infantum in urine and semen in experimentally infected dogs","volume":"12","author":"Riera","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1159\/000168337","article-title":"Acute renal failure in visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"11","author":"Caravaca","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"e73","article-title":"Renal dysfunction in Leishmaniasis and Chagas disease coinfection: A case report","volume":"60","author":"Santana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985814521248","article-title":"Pathologic mechanisms underlying the clinical findings in canine leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum\/chagasi","volume":"51","author":"Koutinas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0909-z","article-title":"LeishVet update and recommendations on feline leishmaniosis","volume":"8","author":"Pennisi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"147","article-title":"Renal involvement in leishmaniasis: A review of the literature","volume":"4","author":"Clementi","year":"2011","journal-title":"NDT Plus"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2019.04.001","article-title":"Urine as a promising sample for Leishmania DNA extraction in the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis\u2014A review","volume":"23","author":"Bezerra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Braz. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.12.026","article-title":"Diagnosis of Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis by detection of Leishmania -related antigen in urine and oral fluid samples","volume":"167","author":"Habboul","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2011.10-0556","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction detection of Leishmania kDNA from the urine of Peruvian patients with cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"84","author":"Veland","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.04.013","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA by fret-based real-time PCR in urine from dogs with natural clinical leishmaniosis","volume":"147","author":"Trotta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1177\/104063870802000112","article-title":"Urine sampling for real-time polymerase chain reaction based diagnosis of canine leishmaniasis","volume":"20","author":"Manna","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Vet. Diagn. Investig."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2016.10.002","article-title":"Evaluation of urine for Leishmania infantum DNA detection by real-time quantitative PCR","volume":"131","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"899","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.12-0612","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania siamensis DNA in saliva by polymerase chain reaction","volume":"89","author":"Phumee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-006-3477-z","article-title":"Occurrence of Leishmania DNA in urines of dogs naturally infected with leishmaniasis","volume":"31","author":"Franceschi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/82.3.231","article-title":"1. Studies on immunity to Asiatic cholera; the absorption of immuneglobulin from the bowel and its excretion in the urine and feces of experimental animals and human volunteers","volume":"82","author":"Burrows","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI105183","article-title":"Characterization of antibodies in human urine","volume":"44","author":"Hanson","year":"1965","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(87)90414-7","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania donovani soluble antigen and antibody in the urine of visceral leishmaniasis patients","volume":"81","author":"Kohanteb","year":"1987","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"789","article-title":"Diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using urine samples","volume":"9","author":"Islam","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.70.78","article-title":"Direct agglutination test with urine samples for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"70","author":"Islam","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2008.79.599","article-title":"Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to detect urinary antibody against recombinant rKRP42 antigen made from Leishmania donovani for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"79","author":"Islam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_142","first-page":"24","article-title":"Direct Agglutination Test and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay with Urine Samples for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"2","author":"Hatam","year":"2007","journal-title":"Iran. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-3-114","article-title":"Evaluation of rK-39 strip test using urine for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic area in Bangladesh","volume":"3","author":"Khan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0489","article-title":"Evaluation of rK-39 strip test using urine for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in an endemic region of India","volume":"88","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2011.05.008","article-title":"Evaluation of rk39 immunochromatographic test with urine for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"105","author":"Chakravarty","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.4103\/0022-3859.101378","article-title":"Testing urine samples with rK39 strip as the simplest non-invasive field diagnosis for visceral leishmaniasis: An early report from eastern India","volume":"58","author":"Goswami","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Postgrad. Med."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ejazi, S.A., Bhattacharya, P., Bakhteyar, M.A.K., Mumtaz, A.A., Pandey, K., Das, V.N.R., Das, P., Rahaman, M., Goswami, R.P., and Ali, N. (2016). Noninvasive Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis: Development and Evaluation of Two Urine-Based Immunoassays for Detection of Leishmania donovani Infection in India. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005035"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2007.05.002","article-title":"Field evaluation of FD-DAT, rK39 dipstick and KATEX (urine latex agglutination) for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in northwest Ethiopia","volume":"101","author":"Diro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2684","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00988-09","article-title":"Novel noninvasive method for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by rK39 testing of sputum samples","volume":"47","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_150","first-page":"87","article-title":"A Comparative Study of Serum, Urine and Saliva Using rk39 Strip for the Diagnosis of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Arthropod Borne. Dis."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.12-0168","article-title":"ELISA with recombinant rKRP42 antigen using urine samples: A tool for predicting clinical visceral leishmaniasis cases and its outbreak","volume":"87","author":"Islam","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1995.52.427","article-title":"Short report: Detection of 72-75-kD and 123-kD fractions of Leishmania antigen in urine of patients with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"52","author":"Portus","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2002061","article-title":"SDS-PAGE and Western blot of urinary proteins in dogs with leishmaniasis","volume":"34","author":"Zaragoza","year":"2003","journal-title":"Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","unstructured":"de Lira, N.M.S. (2008). Avalia\u00e7\u00e3o F\u00edsica, Qu\u00edmica, Microbiol\u00f3gica e Pesquisa de Anticorpos Anti-IgG em Urina de C\u00e3es (Canis familiaris) Linnaeus, 1785) Naturalmente Infectados por Leishmania (Leishmania) Chagasi (Cunha & Chagas, 1937). [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco]."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"849","article-title":"Detection of anti-Leishmania immunoglobulin G antibodies in urine specimens of dogs with leishmaniasis","volume":"10","author":"Iniesta","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Diagn. Lab. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2008.10.010","article-title":"Anti-Leishmania IgA in urine samples from dogs with clinical leishmaniasis","volume":"159","author":"Ojeda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1997.11813125","article-title":"A time-course study of circulating antigen and parasite-specific antibody in cotton rats infected with Leishmania donovani","volume":"91","author":"Azazy","year":"1997","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2012.01365.x","article-title":"Identification of Leishmania infantum chagasi proteins in urine of patients with visceral leishmaniasis: A promising antigen discovery approach of vaccine candidates","volume":"34","author":"Kashino","year":"2012","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00125-12","article-title":"Identification and Diagnostic Utility of Leishmania infantum Proteins Found in Urine Samples from Patients with Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"19","author":"Abeijon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_160","unstructured":"Ferlizza, E. (2015). Urine Proteome in Animals of Veterinary Interest: Species Comparison and New Biomarkers of Nephropathy. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Universit\u00e0 di Bologna]."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeijon, C., Alves, F., Monnerat, S., Wasunna, M., Mbui, J., Viana, A.G., Bueno, L.L., Siqueira, W.F., Carvalho, S.G., and Agrawal, N. (2019). Development of a multiplexed assay for the detection of Leishmania donovani\/Leishmania infantum protein biomarkers in the urine of patients with visceral leishmaniasis. J. Clin. Microbiol., 57.","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02076-18"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(02)00043-8","article-title":"Antigenuria in visceral leishmaniasis: Detection and partial characterisation of a carbohydrate antigen","volume":"82","author":"Sarkari","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vallur, A.C., Tutterrow, Y.L., Mohamath, R., Pattabhi, S., Hailu, A., Abdoun, A.O., Ahmed, A.E., Mukhtar, M., Salam, M.A., and Almeida, M.L. (2015). Development and comparative evaluation of two antigen detection tests for Visceral Leishmaniasis. BMC Infect. Dis., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1125-3"},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.26719\/2003.9.4.844","article-title":"Field evaluation of latex agglutination test for detecting urinary antigens in visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan","volume":"9","author":"Hammad","year":"2003","journal-title":"East. Mediterr. Health J."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2004.01251.x","article-title":"Evaluation of a urinary antigen-based latex agglutination test in the diagnosis of kala-azar in eastern Nepal","volume":"9","author":"Rijal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1853","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1853-1854.2004","article-title":"Noninvasive method for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis by a latex agglutination test for detection of antigens in urine samples","volume":"42","author":"Vilaplana","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.269","article-title":"Detection of leishmanial antigen in the urine of patients with visceral leishmaniasis by a latex agglutination test","volume":"73","author":"Sundar","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2007.09.001","article-title":"A urine-based polymerase chain reaction method for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in immunocompetent patients","volume":"60","author":"Motazedian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_169","first-page":"899","article-title":"Evaluation of a latex agglutination test (KAtex) for detection of Leishmania antigen in urine of patients with HIV-Leishmania coinfection: Value in diagnosis and post-treatment follow-up","volume":"23","author":"Riera","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boelaert, M., Verdonck, K., Menten, J., Sunyoto, T., van Griensven, J., Chappuis, F., and Rijal, S. (2014). Rapid tests for the diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in patients with suspected disease. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD009135.pub2"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00094","article-title":"Leishmania Antigenuria to Predict Initial Treatment Failure and Relapse in Visceral Leishmaniasis\/HIV Coinfected Patients: An Exploratory Study Nested Within a Clinical Trial in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"Mengesha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.05.008","article-title":"Is urine a reliable clinical sample for the diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Asfaram","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitol. Int."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867846","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/867846","article-title":"Loop Mediated Isothermal Amplification for Detection of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense in Urine and Saliva Samples in Nonhuman Primate Model","volume":"2015","author":"Ngotho","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(73)90168-5","article-title":"The nature of proteins excreted in the urine of rabbits infected with T. brucei subgroup organisms","volume":"67","author":"Itazi","year":"1973","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00380545","article-title":"Fibrinogen and fibrinogen\/fibrin degradation products in the urine of rabbits infected with Trypanosoma (Trypanozoon) brucei","volume":"52","author":"Boreham","year":"1977","journal-title":"Z. Parasitenkd."},{"key":"ref_176","first-page":"791","article-title":"Quantification of aromatic amino acid catabolites in urine of mice acutely infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"69","author":"Hall","year":"1981","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_177","first-page":"209","article-title":"Phenylalanine metabolism in Microtus montanus chronically infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"71","author":"Seed","year":"1982","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_178","first-page":"73","article-title":"Multiple alpha-keto aciduria in Microtus montanus chronically infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"82","author":"Hall","year":"1985","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_179","first-page":"755","article-title":"Increased urinary excretion of aromatic amino acid catabolites by Microtus montanus chronically infected with Trypanosoma brucei gambiense","volume":"77","author":"Hall","year":"1984","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.2307\/3284707","article-title":"Increased excretion of aromatic amino acid catabolites in animals infected with Trypanosoma brucei evansi","volume":"84","author":"Seed","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2007.03.010","article-title":"Aromatic amino acid catabolism in trypanosomatids","volume":"151","author":"Nowicki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2018.11.005","article-title":"Proteome characterization in various biological fluids of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-infected subjects","volume":"196","author":"Bonnet","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_183","first-page":"35","article-title":"Urinary biochemical changes, histopathologic effect of kidney damage observed in rats infected with Trypanosoma b. brucei","volume":"11","author":"Simaren","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(69)90115-5","article-title":"Trypanosoma gambiense and T. lewisi: Increased vascular permeability and skin lesions in rabbits","volume":"26","author":"Seed","year":"1969","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-4758(99)01599-9","article-title":"The kidney form of Trypanosoma musculi: A distinct stage in the life cycle?","volume":"16","author":"Monroy","year":"2000","journal-title":"Parasitol. Today"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2006.02.033","article-title":"Detection of amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi in a kidney graft with acute dysfunction","volume":"38","author":"Arias","year":"2006","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3083.1996.d01-290.x","article-title":"Detection of cruzipain, the major cysteine proteinase from Trypanosoma cruzi and its C-terminal extension in biological fluids during experimental infection in mice","volume":"44","author":"Sunnemark","year":"1996","journal-title":"Scand. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0233","article-title":"Domestic Pig (Sus scrofa) as an Animal Model for Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi Infection","volume":"94","author":"Yauri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro-Sesquen, Y.E., Gilman, R.H., Yauri, V., Cok, J., Angulo, N., Escalante, H., and Bern, C. (2013). Detection of soluble antigen and DNA of Trypanosoma cruzi in urine is independent of renal injury in the guinea pig model. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058480"},{"key":"ref_190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.25.1.133-137.1987","article-title":"Antigenuria in infants with acute and congenital Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"25","author":"Freilij","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_191","first-page":"1034","article-title":"Trypanosoma-cruzi antigens in urine from patients with chagas-disease","volume":"12","author":"Corral","year":"1984","journal-title":"IRCS Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.34.8.1957-1962.1996","article-title":"Detection and characterization of antigens in urine of patients with acute, congenital, and chronic Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"34","author":"Corral","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(89)90099-4","article-title":"Rapid determination of Trypanosoma cruzi urinary antigens in human chronic Chagas disease by agglutination test","volume":"68","author":"Katzin","year":"1989","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1006\/expr.1993.1043","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: Detection of a circulating antigen in urine of chagasic patients sharing common epitopes with an immunodominant repetitive antigen","volume":"76","author":"Umezawa","year":"1993","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.1.145-151.1989","article-title":"Purification and characterization of an 80-kilodalton Trypanosoma cruzi urinary antigen","volume":"27","author":"Corral","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_196","first-page":"339","article-title":"An iron-binding Trypanosoma cruzi urinary antigen","volume":"2","author":"Corral","year":"1995","journal-title":"Parasite"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M\u00e1laga-Machaca, E.S., Romero-Ramirez, A., Gilman, R.H., Astupi\u00f1a-Figueroa, S., Angulo, N., Florentini, A., Lovon-Luque, C.J., Gonza, R.A., Del Carpio-Sanz, A., and Cabello, I. (2017). Polyclonal antibodies for the detection of Trypanosoma cruzi circulating antigens. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006069"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1021\/nl072174l","article-title":"Smart hydrogel particles: Biomarker harvesting: One-step affinity purification, size exclusion, and protection against degradation","volume":"8","author":"Luchini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.10.004","article-title":"The use of hydrogel microparticles to sequester and concentrate bacterial antigens in a urine test for Lyme disease","volume":"32","author":"Douglas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro-Sesquen, Y.E., Gilman, R.H., Galdos-Cardenas, G., Ferrufino, L., S\u00e1nchez, G., Valencia Ayala, E., Liotta, L., Bern, C., and Luchini, A. (2014). Working Group on Chagas Disease in Bolivia and Peru Use of a novel chagas urine nanoparticle test (chunap) for diagnosis of congenital chagas disease. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003211"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castro-Sesquen, Y.E., Gilman, R.H., Mejia, C., Clark, D.E., Choi, J., Reimer-McAtee, M.J., Castro, R., Valencia-Ayala, E., Flores, J., and Bowman, N. (2016). Use of a Chagas Urine Nanoparticle Test (Chunap) to Correlate with Parasitemia Levels in T. cruzi\/HIV Co-infected Patients. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004407"},{"key":"ref_202","first-page":"510","article-title":"Note on some bodies of unknown nature found in faeces of kala-azar patients","volume":"2","author":"Mackie","year":"1914","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_203","first-page":"644","article-title":"Leishmania donovani in human faeces in indian kala-azar","volume":"17","author":"Shortt","year":"1929","journal-title":"Indian J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_204","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.2307\/3277877","article-title":"Insect flagellates from feces and gut contents of four genera of lizards","volume":"57","author":"Dollahon","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4162-8140","article-title":"Ocorr\u00eancia de Leishmania infantum em fezes de c\u00e3o","volume":"67","author":"Nery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu380","article-title":"Wild gorillas as a potential reservoir of Leishmania major","volume":"211","author":"Hamad","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv130","article-title":"Reply to Bastien et al","volume":"212","author":"Hamad","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv129","article-title":"Comments on Leishmania major in Gorilla Feces","volume":"212","author":"Bastien","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2018.09.003","article-title":"An unexpected diversity of trypanosomatids in fecal samples of great apes","volume":"7","author":"Mbohli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santiago-Rodriguez, T.M., Fornaciari, G., Luciani, S., Dowd, S.E., Toranzos, G.A., Marota, I., and Cano, R.J. (2016). Taxonomic and predicted metabolic profiles of the human gut microbiome in pre-Columbian mummies. FEMS Microbiol. Ecol.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiw182"},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sereno, D., Dorkeld, F., Akhoundi, M., and Perrin, P. (2018). Pathogen Species Identification from Metagenomes in Ancient Remains: The Challenge of Identifying Human Pathogenic Species of Trypanosomatidae via Bioinformatic Tools. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201807.0124.v1"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sereno, D., Akhoundi, M., Dorkeld, F., Oury, B., Momen, H., and Perrin, P. (2017). What pre-Columbian mummies could teach us about South American leishmaniases?. Pathog. Dis.","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/ftx019"},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2015.05.001","article-title":"Wild chimpanzees are infected by Trypanosoma brucei","volume":"4","author":"Lankester","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol. Parasites Wildl."},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762008000500021","article-title":"Pre-Columbian Chagas disease in Brazil: Trypanosoma cruzi I in the archaeological remains of a human in Perua\u00e7u Valley, Minas Gerais, Brazil","volume":"103","author":"Fernandes","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02762009000900004","article-title":"Paleoparasitology of Chagas disease\u2014A review","volume":"104","author":"Jansen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-4894(03)00119-X","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: Mixture of two populations can modify virulence and tissue tropism in rat","volume":"104","author":"Franco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-6851(99)90035-X","article-title":"Differential tissue distribution of diverse clones of Trypanosoma cruzi in infected mice","volume":"100","author":"Andrade","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1111\/cmi.12297","article-title":"Bioluminescence imaging of chronic Trypanosoma cruzi infections reveals tissue-specific parasite dynamics and heart disease in the absence of locally persistent infection","volume":"16","author":"Lewis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCall, L.-I., Tripathi, A., Vargas, F., Knight, R., Dorrestein, P.C., and Siqueira-Neto, J.L. (2018). Experimental Chagas disease-induced perturbations of the fecal microbiome and metabolome. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006344"},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761996000400002","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi in the anal glands of urban opossums. I\u2014Isolation and experimental infections","volume":"91","author":"Nironi","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.59.4.491","article-title":"Viable leishmania donovani in nasal and oral secretions of patients with kala-azar and the bearing of this finding on the transmission of the disease","volume":"59","author":"Forkner","year":"1934","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_222","first-page":"e170250","article-title":"Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis isolated from the saliva of patients in a cutaneous leishmaniasis-endemic area of northeastern Brazil","volume":"113","author":"Almeida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siriyasatien, P., Chusri, S., Kraivichian, K., Jariyapan, N., Hortiwakul, T., Silpapojakul, K., Pym, A.M., and Phumee, A. (2016). Early detection of novel Leishmania species DNA in the saliva of two HIV-infected patients. BMC Infect. Dis., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-016-1433-2"},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2012.11-0749","article-title":"Consecutive cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis manifestations involving a novel Leishmania species in two HIV patients in Thailand","volume":"87","author":"Chusri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.06.006","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania DNA in saliva among patients with HIV\/AIDS in Trang Province, southern Thailand","volume":"185","author":"Pandey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-1202-x","article-title":"Development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) for simple detection of Leishmania infection","volume":"8","author":"Sriworarat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00130-11","article-title":"Noninvasive molecular diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"49","author":"Vaish","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02819-13","article-title":"Specific noninvasive detection of Leishmania donovani in desquamated buccal cell swab samples from human visceral Leishmaniasis-HIV coinfected patients","volume":"52","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.08.010","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA by real-time PCR in canine oral and conjunctival swabs and comparison with other diagnostic techniques","volume":"184","author":"Lombardo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Ferreira, S.A., Almeida, G.G., de Silva, S.O., Vogas, G.P., Fujiwara, R.T., de Andrade, A.S.R., and Melo, M.N. (2013). Nasal, oral and ear swabs for canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis: New practical approaches for detection of Leishmania infantum DNA. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002150"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(94)90216-X","article-title":"Agglutinating anti-leishmanial antibodies in the saliva of kala-azar patients","volume":"88","author":"Masum","year":"1994","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.05.017","article-title":"Quantification of anti-Leishmania antibodies in saliva of dogs","volume":"242","author":"Escribano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-12-1064_2","article-title":"Leishmania in Bronchoalveolar Lavage","volume":"114","author":"Rosenthal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ann. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549209054657","article-title":"Leishmaniasis Diagnosed from Bronchoalveolar Lavage","volume":"24","author":"Jokipii","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3156.2003.01077.x","article-title":"Towards saliva-based screening for sleeping sickness?","volume":"8","author":"Lejon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2006.01620.x","article-title":"Detection of trypanosome-specific antibodies in saliva, towards non-invasive serological diagnosis of sleeping sickness","volume":"11","author":"Lejon","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(68)90010-2","article-title":"Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection in beagle puppies. The effect of variations in the dose and source of infecting trypanosomes and the route of inoculation on the course of the infection","volume":"62","author":"Marsden","year":"1968","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(98)00075-8","article-title":"Saliva ELISA: A method for the diagnosis of chronic Chagas disease in endemic areas","volume":"72","author":"Pinho","year":"1999","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_239","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.17-0141","article-title":"Diagnosis of Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Status using Saliva of Infected Subjects","volume":"98","author":"Pinazo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2017.10.012","article-title":"High frequency of trypanosomatids in gallery forest bats of a Neotropical savanna","volume":"177","author":"Silva","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_241","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0035-9203(98)90736-2","article-title":"Post kala-azar ocular leishmaniasis","volume":"92","author":"Khalil","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_242","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46651990000400010","article-title":"Isolation of Leishmania sp. from aqueous humor of a patient with cutaneous disseminated leishmaniasis and bilateral iridocyclitis (preliminary report)","volume":"32","author":"Ferrari","year":"1990","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_243","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.85.2.238c","article-title":"Ocular scleromalacia caused by leishmaniasis: A rare cause of scleral perforation","volume":"85","author":"Reinecke","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_244","first-page":"3198547","article-title":"Unusual Presentation of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Ocular Leishmaniasis","volume":"2017","author":"Doroodgar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_245","first-page":"88","article-title":"Successful treatment of ocular leishmaniasis","volume":"12","author":"Abrishami","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_246","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-9233.171801","article-title":"Ocular Leishmaniasis Treated by Intralesional Amphotericin B","volume":"23","author":"Nikandish","year":"2016","journal-title":"Middle East Afr. J. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_247","first-page":"29","article-title":"Old World eyelid cutaneous leishmaniasis: A case report","volume":"11","year":"2005","journal-title":"Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_248","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.3347\/kjp.2016.54.6.787","article-title":"Cutaneous Leishmaniasis of the Eyelids: A Case Series with Molecular Identification and Literature Review","volume":"54","author":"Mohammadpour","year":"2016","journal-title":"Korean J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_249","first-page":"261","article-title":"Eyelid Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: A Case Report","volume":"46","author":"Doroodgar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Iran. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_250","first-page":"53","article-title":"Conjunctival leishmaniasis in a case of disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"47","author":"Razeghinejad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trop. Dr."},{"key":"ref_251","first-page":"514","article-title":"Recurrent bilateral anterior uveitis due to Leishmania infantum in a patient with immune deficiency related to HIV infection: A case report and literature review","volume":"37","author":"Auriol","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Fr. Ophtalmol."},{"key":"ref_252","first-page":"303","article-title":"Leishmanial blepharo-conjunctivitis","volume":"43","author":"Nandy","year":"1991","journal-title":"Trop. Geogr. Med."},{"key":"ref_253","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2016.633-637","article-title":"Prevalence, type, and prognosis of ocular lesions in shelter and owned-client dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum","volume":"9","author":"Bosco","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. World"},{"key":"ref_254","first-page":"197","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis with ocular involvement in a dog","volume":"156","author":"McConnell","year":"1970","journal-title":"J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1024\/0036-7281\/a000593","article-title":"Ocular signs, diagnosis and long-term treatment with allopurinol in a cat with leishmaniasis","volume":"156","author":"Richter","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schweiz. Arch. Tierheilkd."},{"key":"ref_256","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2009.07.024","article-title":"Leishmaniasis of the eyelid mimicking an infundibular cyst and review of the literature on ocular leishmaniasis","volume":"14","author":"Veraldi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_257","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1996.d01-28.x","article-title":"Presence of antibodies in the aqueous humour and cerebrospinal fluid during Leishmania infections in dogs. Pathological features at the central nervous system","volume":"18","author":"Nieto","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_258","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3024.1996.d01-39.x","article-title":"Immunopathology of the uveitis in canine leishmaniasis","volume":"18","author":"Blanco","year":"1996","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_259","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1463-5224.2010.00768.x","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania spp. and associated inflammation in ocular-associated smooth and striated muscles in dogs with patent leishmaniosis","volume":"13","author":"Naranjo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2005.05.017","article-title":"Characterization of lacrimal gland lesions and possible pathogenic mechanisms of keratoconjunctivitis sicca in dogs with leishmaniosis","volume":"133","author":"Naranjo","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_261","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1590\/S0102-09352012000600009","article-title":"Detec\u00e7\u00e3o de formas amastigotas em exame parasitol\u00f3gico de esfrega\u00e7o obtido a partir de suabe conjuntival de c\u00e3es com leishmaniose visceral","volume":"64","author":"Barbosa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_262","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1001\/archophthalmol.2011.252","article-title":"Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma harboring Leishmania amastigotes in a human immunodeficiency virus-positive patient","volume":"129","author":"Bielory","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_263","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2011.10.001","article-title":"Evaluation of the presence of Leishmania spp. by real-time PCR in the lacrimal glands of dogs with leishmaniosis","volume":"193","author":"Naranjo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_264","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1086\/383281","article-title":"Polymerase chain reaction using noninvasively obtained samples, for the detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in dogs","volume":"189","author":"Jaffe","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.12.022","article-title":"Evaluation of the conjunctival swab for canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis by PCR-hybridization in Minas Gerais State, Brazil","volume":"152","author":"Ituassu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_266","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0191-2015","article-title":"Detection of canine visceral leishmaniasis by conjunctival swab PCR","volume":"49","author":"Pereira","year":"2016","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_267","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.01.019","article-title":"Feline and canine leishmaniosis and other vector-borne diseases in the Aeolian Islands: Pathogen and vector circulation in a confined environment","volume":"236","author":"Otranto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_268","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2010.02.020","article-title":"PCR diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis in asymptomatic dogs using conjunctival swab samples","volume":"170","author":"Leite","year":"2010","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_269","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2017.04.004","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum DNA in conjunctival swabs of cats by quantitative real-time PCR","volume":"177","author":"Benassi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612015016","article-title":"Conjunctival swab PCR to detect Leishmania spp. in cats","volume":"24","author":"Pereira","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_271","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2018.11.020","article-title":"Vector and reservoir surveillance study in a canine and human leishmaniasis endemic area in most western part of Turkey, Karaburun","volume":"190","author":"Arserim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_272","first-page":"230","article-title":"Molecular Survey on Leishmania Infantum Infection in Red Foxes (Vulpes Vulpes) From Romania","volume":"74","author":"Deak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Univ. Agric. Sci. Vet. Med. ClujNapoca. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_273","first-page":"334","article-title":"Anterior uveitis as the first sign of human African trypanosomiasis: A case report","volume":"26","author":"Nsiangani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Med. Sante Trop."},{"key":"ref_274","first-page":"168","article-title":"The pathogenesis of experimentally induced Trypanosoma brucei infection in the dog. I. Tissue and organ damage","volume":"102","author":"Morrison","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_275","first-page":"70","article-title":"Trypanosoma evansi infection in a German shepherd dog\u2014Apparent successful treatment using serial low dose of diminazene aceturate","volume":"1\u20132","author":"Panigrahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_276","first-page":"149","article-title":"Ocular lesions in experimental Trypanosoma brucei infection in cats","volume":"62","author":"Mortelmans","year":"1975","journal-title":"Acta Zool. Pathol. Antverp."},{"key":"ref_277","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2009.10.020","article-title":"Pathological Findings Associated with Experimental Infection by Trypanosoma evansi in Cats","volume":"142","author":"Pierezan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_278","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.06.007","article-title":"Ocular lesions associated with Trypanosoma evansi in experimentally infected goats","volume":"141","author":"Morales","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_279","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761999000700008","article-title":"Evolution of the clinical and epidemiological knowledge about Chagas disease 90 years after its discovery","volume":"94","author":"Prata","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1967.11686459","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi infections in CFI mice. II. Infections induced by different routes","volume":"61","author":"Marsden","year":"1967","journal-title":"Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_281","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5549","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00319-06","article-title":"Anatomical route of invasion and protective mucosal immunity in Trypanosoma cruzi conjunctival infection","volume":"74","author":"Giddings","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_282","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86822002000400010","article-title":"Comparison of Trypanosoma cruzi infection in dogs inoculated with blood or metacyclic trypomastigotes of Berenice-62 and Berenice-78 strains via intraperitoneal and conjunctival routes","volume":"35","author":"Bahia","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_283","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy058","article-title":"The First Case of Trypanosoma cruzi-Associated Retinitis in an Immunocompromised Host Diagnosed With Pan-Organism Polymerase Chain Reaction","volume":"67","author":"Conrady","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_284","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-006-0403-9","article-title":"Cornea as a tissue reservoir of Trypanosoma cruzi","volume":"100","author":"Herrera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-015-4827-y","article-title":"Human parasitic protozoan infection to infertility: A systematic review","volume":"115","author":"Shiadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_286","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence of Venereal and Transplacental Transmission of Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in Southern Brazil","volume":"39","author":"Teichmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACTA Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_287","first-page":"121","article-title":"Non-sandfly transmission of canine leishmaniasis","volume":"68","author":"Naucke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tieraerztl. Umsch."},{"key":"ref_288","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1186\/s13028-014-0084-9","article-title":"The first report of autochthonous non-vector-borne transmission of canine leishmaniosis in the Nordic countries","volume":"56","author":"Karkamo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Scand."},{"key":"ref_289","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-3083.1998.tb00740.x","article-title":"Leishmaniasis of glans penis","volume":"10","author":"Schubach","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652002000200009","article-title":"Leishmaniasis in the genital area","volume":"44","author":"Cabello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_291","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1994.01690100103020","article-title":"Nonhealing genital ulcers. Cutaneous leishmaniasis","volume":"130","author":"Cain","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_292","first-page":"259","article-title":"Some new aspects of the kala-azar pathology. (Morphologic study of 13 autopsy cases)","volume":"8","author":"Andrade","year":"1966","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_293","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)65846-4","article-title":"Protozoan infections in the male genital tract","volume":"156","author":"Regadera","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_294","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1354\/vp.42-5-650","article-title":"Genital lesions associated with visceral leishmaniasis and shedding of Leishmania sp. in the semen of naturally infected dogs","volume":"42","author":"Diniz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vet. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-5827.2012.01224.x","article-title":"Subclinical leishmaniasis associated with infertility and chronic prostatitis in a dog","volume":"53","author":"Mir","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Small Anim. Pract."},{"key":"ref_296","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-016-4987-4","article-title":"Occurrence of Leishmania infantum and associated histological alterations in the genital tract and mammary glands of naturally infected dogs","volume":"115","author":"Boechat","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_297","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-41626610","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum in the smegma of infected dogs","volume":"66","author":"Silva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Med. Vet. Zootec."},{"key":"ref_298","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.10.035","article-title":"Course of experimental infection of canine leishmaniosis: Follow-up and utility of noninvasive diagnostic techniques","volume":"207","author":"Montoya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2007.09.032","article-title":"Genital lesions and distribution of amastigotes in bitches naturally infected with Leishmania chagasi","volume":"151","author":"Silva","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_300","first-page":"35","article-title":"The detection and treatment of human African trypanosomiasis","volume":"3","author":"Bouteille","year":"2012","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Trop. Med."},{"key":"ref_301","unstructured":"Mulligan, H., and Pott, W. (1970). Clinical manifestations and diagnosis of sleep-ing sickness. The African Trypanosomiases, Allen & Unwin Ltd."},{"key":"ref_302","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15345-7","article-title":"Possible cases of sexual and congenital transmission of sleeping sickness","volume":"363","author":"Rocha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_303","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1755-3","article-title":"Isolation, cultivation and molecular characterization of a new Trypanosoma equiperdum strain in Mongolia","volume":"9","author":"Suganuma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_304","first-page":"387","article-title":"Microorganisms in stallion semen","volume":"61","author":"Danek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Med. Weter. Vet. Med. Sci. Pract."},{"key":"ref_305","first-page":"66","article-title":"Trypanosoma equiperdum in the horse - a neglected threat?","volume":"87","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vlaams Diergeneeskd. Tijdschr."},{"key":"ref_306","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anireprosci.2017.03.003","article-title":"Serum biochemical profile and molecular detection of pathogens in semen of infertile male dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius)","volume":"180","author":"Khalafalla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_307","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2016.02.018","article-title":"Semen characteristics and reaction time of Yankasa rams experimentally infected with Trypanosoma evansi infection","volume":"86","author":"Ogundele","year":"2016","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_308","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s11259-018-9715-3","article-title":"Detection of Trypanosoma vivax DNA in semen from experimentally infected goats","volume":"42","author":"Bezerra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vet. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_309","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32907-2","article-title":"Genital lesions in experimental chronic Trypanosoma brucei infection in rams","volume":"26","author":"Ikede","year":"1979","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32738-3","article-title":"Further observations on the testicular pathology in Trypanosoma vivax infection of sheep and goats","volume":"28","author":"Anosa","year":"1980","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_311","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effects of Trypanosoma congolense infection on the testis and epididymis of the goat","volume":"28","author":"Kaaya","year":"1980","journal-title":"Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr."},{"key":"ref_312","first-page":"469","article-title":"Lesions in the reproductive organs of sheep and goats experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax","volume":"25","author":"Isoun","year":"1974","journal-title":"Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_313","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.07.022","article-title":"Sequential testicular and epididymal damage in Zebu bulls experimentally infected with Trypanosoma vivax","volume":"143","author":"Adamu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_314","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0450.1983.tb01894.x","article-title":"Pathology of experimental Trypanosoma vivax infection in sheep and goats","volume":"30","author":"Anosa","year":"1983","journal-title":"Zentralbl. Veterinarmed. B"},{"key":"ref_315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Claes, F., Vodnala, S.K., van Reet, N., Boucher, N., Lunden-Miguel, H., Baltz, T., Goddeeris, B.M., B\u00fcscher, P., and Rottenberg, M.E. (2009). Bioluminescent imaging of Trypanosoma brucei shows preferential testis dissemination which may hamper drug efficacy in sleeping sickness. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 3.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000486"},{"key":"ref_316","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carvalho, T., Trindade, S., Pimenta, S., Santos, A.B., Rijo-Ferreira, F., and Figueiredo, L.M. (2018). Trypanosoma brucei triggers a marked immune response in male reproductive organs. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006690"},{"key":"ref_317","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1590\/0074-02760160538","article-title":"Sexual transmission of American trypanosomiasis in humans: A new potential pandemic route for Chagas parasites","volume":"112","author":"Araujo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_318","first-page":"62","article-title":"Chagasic placentitis and congenital transmission of Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"5","author":"Bittencourt","year":"1963","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_319","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761911000200004","article-title":"Contribuicao para o estudo da anatomia patolojica da \u201cmolestia de Carlos Chagas\u201d. (Esquizotripanoze humana ou tireoidite parazitaria)","volume":"3","author":"Vianna","year":"1911","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1590\/S0074-02761916000200003","article-title":"Tripanosomiase americana. Forma aguda da mo- 16stia","volume":"8","author":"Chagas","year":"1916","journal-title":"Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz"},{"key":"ref_321","first-page":"214","article-title":"Alteracoes do testIculo humano na molestia de Chagas. II\u2014Estudo morfometrico do tecido intersticial","volume":"24","author":"Ferreira","year":"1982","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_322","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-706X(98)00058-8","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi: Compromise of reproductive system in acute murine infection","volume":"71","author":"Lenzi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_323","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2613.2008.00592.x","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi and myoid cells from seminiferous tubules: Interaction and relation with fibrous components of extracellular matrix in experimental Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"90","author":"Carvalho","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_324","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2015.12.017","article-title":"Sexual transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi in murine model","volume":"162","author":"Ribeiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2403.171838","article-title":"Evidence for Previously Unidentified Sexual Transmission of Protozoan Parasites","volume":"24","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_326","first-page":"131","article-title":"Nouveaux essais de culture de Leishmania donovani","volume":"24","author":"Anderson","year":"1935","journal-title":"Arch. Inst. Pasteur Tunis."},{"key":"ref_327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henry, A., and Guilhon, J. (1944). LE ROLE DU LAIT DANS LA TRANSMISSION DE QUELQUES PROTOZOOSES. Le Lait, INRA Editions.","DOI":"10.1051\/lait:1944231-2332"},{"key":"ref_328","first-page":"282","article-title":"Sur le passage des trypanosomes dans le lait","volume":"13","year":"1913","journal-title":"Rev. Pathol. Comp."},{"key":"ref_329","first-page":"67","article-title":"Experimental Trypanosoma cruzi infection via contaminated water and food","volume":"36","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev. Latinoam. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_330","first-page":"56","article-title":"Occurrence of Trypanosoma cruzi in the milk of infected mice","volume":"22","author":"Disko","year":"1971","journal-title":"Z. Tropenmed. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_331","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000044188","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi\u2014Milk transmission of infection and immunity from mother to young","volume":"65","author":"Miles","year":"1972","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_332","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1590\/S0037-86821983000300010","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi no colostro humano","volume":"16","year":"1983","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_333","first-page":"83","article-title":"The transmission of Trypanosoma cruzi via human milk","volume":"25","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop."},{"key":"ref_334","first-page":"10","article-title":"Trypanosoma cruzi in the milk of women with chronic Chagas disease","volume":"47","author":"Matsubara","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev. Hosp. Clin."},{"key":"ref_335","first-page":"146","article-title":"Experimental study on the transmission of Chagas\u2019 disease by milk","volume":"43","author":"Campos","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev. Hosp. Clin."},{"key":"ref_336","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1910.130203","article-title":"Chagas disease and breast-feeding","volume":"19","author":"Norman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_337","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00539580","article-title":"Histopathological study of the mammary gland in Trypanosoma cruzi-infected mice","volume":"74","author":"Ribeiro","year":"1988","journal-title":"Parasitol. Res."},{"key":"ref_338","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652001000300008","article-title":"Pasteurization of human milk to prevent transmission of Chagas disease","volume":"43","author":"Ferreira","year":"2001","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_339","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1590\/S0036-46652003000100008","article-title":"Microwave treatment of human milk to prevent transmission of Chagas disease","volume":"45","author":"Gakiya","year":"2003","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_340","first-page":"515","article-title":"Presence of parasite DNA in clinically unaffected nasal mucosa during cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis","volume":"25","author":"Queiroz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_341","first-page":"653","article-title":"Progressive Perforation of the Nasal Septum Due to Leishmania major: A Case of Mucosal Leishmaniasis in a Traveler","volume":"96","author":"Harrison","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_342","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.08.009","article-title":"First detection of Leishmania infantum kinetoplast DNA in hair of wild mammals: Application of qPCR method to determine potential parasite reservoirs","volume":"128","author":"Iniesta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_343","first-page":"100267","article-title":"Application of qPCR method to hair and cerumen samples for the diagnosis of canine leishmaniosis in Ara\u00e7atuba, Brazil","volume":"15","author":"Grano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol. Reg. Stud. Rep."},{"key":"ref_344","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2001.64.119","article-title":"Canine visceral leishmaniasis in Colombia: Relationship between clinical and parasitologic status and infectivity for sand flies","volume":"64","author":"Ferro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_345","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1969","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED-D-17-00054","article-title":"A Case of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis guyanensis Mimicking Otitis Externa","volume":"182","author":"Goodrich","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_346","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-5347(98)01473-6","article-title":"Chemical signals and parasite-mediated sexual selection","volume":"13","author":"Penn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_347","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2008.09.028","article-title":"Headspace solid phase microextraction\/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined to chemometric analysis for volatile organic compounds determination in canine hair: A new tool to detect dog contamination by visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"875","author":"Mesquita","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_348","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6691","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-014-8103-2","article-title":"Identification of biomarkers in the hair of dogs: New diagnostic possibilities in the study and control of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"406","author":"Mesquita","year":"2014","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_349","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2013.07.007","article-title":"Detection and chronology of parasitic kinetoplast DNA presence in hair of experimental Leishmania major infected BALB\/c mice by Real Time PCR","volume":"128","author":"Iniesta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2017.05.015","article-title":"Application of a specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to identify Leishmania infantum DNA in spleen, skin and hair samples of wild Leporidae","volume":"243","author":"Ortega","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_351","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.11.010","article-title":"Association between Leishmania infantum DNA in the hair of dogs and their infectiousness to Lutzomyia longipalpis","volume":"232","author":"Franke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_352","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0560.2012.01890.x","article-title":"Transepidermal elimination in cutaneous leishmaniasis: A multiregional study","volume":"39","author":"Karram","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_353","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2613.1997.d01-243.x","article-title":"Experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis: Transmission electron microscopy of the inoculation site","volume":"78","author":"Vasconcellos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_354","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1590\/S1984-29612014086","article-title":"Leishmania (infantum) chagasi in canine urinary sediment","volume":"24","author":"Batista","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Bras. Parasitol. Vet."},{"key":"ref_355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1667-2","article-title":"Evaluation of diagnostic performance of rK28 ELISA using urine for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"9","author":"Ghosh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_356","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.18-0042","article-title":"Antigen Detection in Urine for Noninvasive Diagnosis and Treatment Monitoring of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Coinfected Patients: An Exploratory Analysis from Ethiopia","volume":"99","author":"Vogt","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_357","first-page":"464","article-title":"Performance of the KAtex test in screening and diagnosis for visceral leishmaniasis in a reference hospital","volume":"30","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Esp. Quimioter."},{"key":"ref_358","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2010.12.007","article-title":"Urine antigen detection by latex agglutination test for diagnosis and assessment of initial cure of visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"105","author":"Salam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_359","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7519(98)00017-4","article-title":"Presence of IgM antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi urinary antigen in sera from patients with acute Chagas\u2019 disease","volume":"28","author":"Corral","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4455","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00921-06","article-title":"Use of noninvasive markers to detect Leishmania infection in asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients","volume":"44","author":"Camacho","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_361","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12584","DOI":"10.1111\/pim.12584","article-title":"Use of VHH antibodies for the development of antigen detection test for visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"40","author":"Abeijon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_362","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02297-05","article-title":"Comparison of new diagnostic tools for management of pediatric Mediterranean visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"44","author":"Cruz","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_363","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abeijon, C., and Campos-Neto, A. (2013). Potential non-invasive urine-based antigen (protein) detection assay to diagnose active visceral leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002161"},{"key":"ref_364","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.16-0291","article-title":"Novel Antigen Detection Assay to Monitor Therapeutic Efficacy of Visceral Leishmaniasis","volume":"95","author":"Abeijon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e38","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946201759038","article-title":"Efficiency of noninvasive sampling methods (swab) together with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for diagnosing American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis","volume":"59","author":"Boni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_366","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.06.005","article-title":"Value of the oral swab for the molecular diagnosis of dogs in different stages of infection with Leishmania infantum","volume":"225","author":"Aschar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_367","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Almeida Ferreira, S., Leite, R.S., Ituassu, L.T., Almeida, G.G., Souza, D.M., Fujiwara, R.T., de Andrade, A.S.R., and Melo, M.N. (2012). Canine skin and conjunctival swab samples for the detection and quantification of Leishmania infantum DNA in an endemic urban area in Brazil. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0001596"},{"key":"ref_368","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00558-12","article-title":"Diagnostic value of conjunctival swab sampling associated with nested PCR for different categories of dogs naturally exposed to Leishmania infantum infection","volume":"50","author":"Veronesi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_369","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.39.2.560-563.2001","article-title":"Prevalence of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs living in an area of canine leishmaniasis endemicity using PCR on several tissues and serology","volume":"39","author":"Morell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-014-0460-3","article-title":"Application of qPCR in conjunctival swab samples for the evaluation of canine leishmaniasis in borderline cases or disease relapse and correlation with clinical parameters","volume":"7","author":"Ceccarelli","year":"2014","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_371","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.10.015","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum in 4 different dog samples by real-time PCR and ITS-1 nested PCR","volume":"78","author":"Carregal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_372","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2013.07.025","article-title":"Evaluation of a conjunctival swab polymerase chain reaction for the detection of Leishmania infantum in dogs in a non-endemic area","volume":"198","author":"Geisweid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_373","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2009.02.005","article-title":"Comparison of PCR methods for diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in conjunctival swab samples","volume":"87","author":"Pilatti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_374","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0991-2","article-title":"Development of a LAMP assay for detection of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs using conjunctival swab samples","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2016.05.021","article-title":"First detection of Leishmania kDNA in canine cerumen samples by qPCR","volume":"228","author":"Parejo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_376","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2012.11.007","article-title":"Detection of Leishmania infantum kinetoplast minicircle DNA by Real Time PCR in hair of dogs with leishmaniosis","volume":"192","author":"Iniesta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_377","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., and Altman, D.G. (2009). Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement. PLoS Med., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097"},{"key":"ref_378","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nakagawa, S., Noble, D.W.A., Senior, A.M., and Lagisz, M. (2017). Meta-evaluation of meta-analysis: Ten appraisal questions for biologists. BMC Biol., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-017-0357-7"},{"key":"ref_379","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729756","article-title":"Transformations related to the angular and the square root","volume":"21","author":"Freeman","year":"1950","journal-title":"Ann. Math. Stat."},{"key":"ref_380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2013-203104","article-title":"Meta-analysis of prevalence","volume":"67","author":"Barendregt","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"ref_381","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.315.7109.629","article-title":"Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test","volume":"315","author":"Egger","year":"1997","journal-title":"BMJ"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/5\/1684\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:02:53Z","timestamp":1760173373000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/5\/1684"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]]},"references-count":381,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21051684"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21051684","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.20944\/preprints202002.0325.v1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,29]]}}}