{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T16:37:37Z","timestamp":1783787857477,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AT004436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AT004436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Curcumin is known to have immunomodulatory potential in addition to anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic effects. The aim of the present study is to investigate the therapeutic effects of curcumin on immune-mediated renal disease in an anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) model (representing acute kidney Injury, AKI) and murine lupus model (representing chronic kidney disease, CKD). In the AKI model, female anti-GBM 129\/svj mice were administered with curcumin right before disease induction. In the CKD model, female MRL.lpr mice at the age of 8-10 weeks old were treated with curcumin or placebo via oral gavage daily for two months. After treatment, serum autoantibody levels, splenomegaly and spleen cellularity were reduced in murine lupus. Collectively, curcumin ameliorated kidney disease in the two mouse models with either acute or chronic nephritis, as marked by reduced proteinuria, blood urea nitrogen, glomerulonephritis, crescent formation, tubule-interstitial disease, and renal infiltration by lymphocytes. In addition, curcumin treatment reduced activation of the NFkB, MAPK, AKT and pBAD pathways either systemically, or within the inflamed kidneys. These findings suggest that natural food supplements could become an alternative approach to ameliorating immune-mediated kidney diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051745","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T10:46:08Z","timestamp":1583318768000},"page":"1745","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Curcumin Attenuates Both Acute and Chronic Immune Nephritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4406-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tianfu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bindiya","family":"Marakkath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yujin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Rheumatology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elhaum","family":"Khobahy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Rheumatology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Rheumatology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jack","family":"Hutcheson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Rheumatology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiankun","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine\/Rheumatology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinjin","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Baylor University Medical center at Dallas, Dallas, TX 75246, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandra","family":"Mohan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.04391007","article-title":"Necrotizing and crescentic lupus nephritis with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody seropositivity","volume":"3","author":"Nasr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011030304","article-title":"Basic and translational concepts of immune-mediated glomerular diseases","volume":"23","author":"Couser","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00443.x","article-title":"The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited","volume":"65","author":"Weening","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"921","article-title":"Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated glomerulonephritis and vasculitis","volume":"135","author":"Jennette","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra020109","article-title":"IgA nephropathy","volume":"347","author":"Donadio","year":"2002","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"vi26","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfg1066","article-title":"Immune dysregulation in minimal change nephropathy","volume":"18","author":"Mathieson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V102413","article-title":"Lupus nephritis","volume":"10","author":"Cameron","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140050","article-title":"Immunosuppressive therapies for the induction treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis: A systematic review and network metaanalysis","volume":"41","author":"Tian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van Vollenhoven, R.F., Mosca, M., Bertsias, G., Isenberg, D., Kuhn, A., Lerstr\u00f8m, K., Aringer, M., Bootsma, H., Boumpas, D., and Bruce, I.N. (2014). Treat-to-target in systemic lupus erythematosus: Recommendations from an international task force. Ann. Rheum. Dis.","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-205139"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-961438","article-title":"Curcumin: A potent inhibitor of leukotriene B4 formation in rat peritoneal polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNL)","volume":"58","author":"Ammon","year":"1992","journal-title":"Planta Medica."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2006.03.008","article-title":"Effect of curcumin on protein glycosylation, lipid peroxidation, and oxygen radical generation in human red blood cells exposed to high glucose levels","volume":"41","author":"Jain","year":"2006","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-4-8","article-title":"Effects of curcumin on retinal oxidative stress and inflammation in diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Kowluru","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1089\/107555303321223035","article-title":"Safety and anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin: A component of tumeric (Curcuma longa)","volume":"9","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complementary Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2005.09.005","article-title":"Prevention of Alzheimer\u2019s disease: Omega-3 fatty acid and phenolic anti-oxidant interventions","volume":"26","author":"Cole","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s10875-006-9066-7","article-title":"\u201cSpicing up\u201d of the immune system by curcumin","volume":"27","author":"Jagetia","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.03.015","article-title":"Immunomodulatory activity of curcumin: Suppression of lymphocyte proliferation, development of cell-mediated cytotoxicity, and cytokine production in vitro","volume":"68","author":"Gao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-960004","article-title":"Pharmacology of Curcuma longa","volume":"57","author":"Ammon","year":"1991","journal-title":"Planta Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.006","article-title":"Curcumin protects retinal cells from light-and oxidant stress-induced cell death","volume":"46","author":"Mandal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7266","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules15107266","article-title":"The Nrf2 system as a potential target for the development of indirect antioxidants","volume":"15","author":"Jung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03276.x","article-title":"Tim-1 is induced on germinal centre B cells through B-cell receptor signalling but is not essential for the germinal centre response","volume":"131","author":"Wong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2012.11","article-title":"Kim-1\/Tim-1 and immune cells: Shifting sands","volume":"81","author":"Ichimura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"G259","article-title":"Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in human intestinal microvascular endothelial cells is regulated by PI 3-kinase\/Akt\/MAPK\/NF-kappaB: Inhibitory role of curcumin","volume":"297","author":"Binion","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1081\/IPH-120020471","article-title":"Modulation of inflammatory mediators by ibuprofen and curcumin treatment during chronic inflammation in rat","volume":"25","author":"Banerjee","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.106.117721","article-title":"Curcumin [1,7-bis(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-6-heptadine-3,5-dione; C21H20O6] sensitizes human prostate cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand\/Apo2L-induced apoptosis by suppressing nuclear factor-kappaB via inhibition of the prosurvival Akt signaling pathway","volume":"321","author":"Deeb","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2013.07.005","article-title":"Curcumin abrogates LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Evidence for novel mechanisms involving SOCS-1,-3 and p38 MAPK","volume":"58","author":"Leite","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2006.08.008","article-title":"Curcumin maintenance therapy for ulcerative colitis: Randomized, multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"4","author":"Hanai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgh165","article-title":"Modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism by curcumin and related beta-diketone derivatives: Effects on cytosolic phospholipase A(2), cyclooxygenases and 5-lipoxygenase","volume":"25","author":"Hong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1717","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/15.8.1717","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of curcumin on xanthine dehydrogenase\/oxidase induced by phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate in NIH3T3 cells","volume":"15","author":"Lin","year":"1994","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-6618(02)00123-8","article-title":"Protective effects of curcumin against ischaemia\/reperfusion insult in rat forebrain","volume":"46","author":"Ghoneim","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.20802","article-title":"Curcumin protects against hepatic and renal injuries mediated by inducible nitric oxide synthase during selenium-induced toxicity in Wistar rats","volume":"73","author":"Manikandan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2007.05.003","article-title":"A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial of curcuminoids in oral lichen planus","volume":"14","author":"Silverman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1097\/jcp.0b013e318160862c","article-title":"Six-month randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, pilot clinical trial of curcumin in patients with Alzheimer disease","volume":"28","author":"Baum","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.2165\/00126839-200809040-00004","article-title":"Effect of NCB-02, atorvastatin and placebo on endothelial function, oxidative stress and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, 8-week study","volume":"9","author":"Usharani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drugs R D"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.3109\/00365599.2011.585622","article-title":"Oral supplementation of turmeric attenuates proteinuria, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-8 levels in patients with overt type 2 diabetic nephropathy: A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled study","volume":"45","author":"Khajehdehi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3805","DOI":"10.1007\/s00464-011-1793-z","article-title":"Efficacy of turmeric (curcumin) in pain and postoperative fatigue after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled study","volume":"25","author":"Agarwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"Surg. Endosc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.23159","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smoldering multiple myeloma, and curcumin: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over 4g study and an open-label 8g extension study","volume":"87","author":"Golombick","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI30398","article-title":"Shared signaling networks active in B cells isolated from genetically distinct mouse models of lupus","volume":"117","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investigig."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0900292","article-title":"Urine proteome scans uncover total urinary protease, prostaglandin D synthase, serum amyloid P, and superoxide dismutase as potential markers of lupus nephritis","volume":"184","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5047","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.8.5047","article-title":"Strain distribution pattern of susceptibility to immune-mediated nephritis","volume":"172","author":"Xie","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3129","DOI":"10.1002\/art.38782","article-title":"Prevention of murine lupus nephritis by targeting multiple signaling axes and oxidative stress using a synthetic triterpenoid","volume":"66","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M110. 005033","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M110.005033","article-title":"Serum protein profiling of systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis using recombinant antibody microarrays","volume":"10","author":"Carlsson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1719","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.4639","article-title":"A randomized, pilot study to assess the efficacy and safety of curcumin in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"26","author":"Chandran","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effect of novel water soluble curcumin derivative on experimental type-1 diabetes mellitus (short term study)","volume":"4","author":"Aziz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, J., Zhao, Y., and Hu, J. (2013). Curcumin inhibits imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like inflammation by inhibiting IL-1beta and IL-6 production in mice. PloS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067078"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-009-0843-z","article-title":"Oral administration of curcumin emulsified in carboxymethyl cellulose has a potent anti-inflammatory effect in the IL-10 gene-deficient mouse model of IBD","volume":"55","author":"Ung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"1058","article-title":"Characterization of metabolites of the chemopreventive agent curcumin in human and rat hepatocytes and in the rat in vivo, and evaluation of their ability to inhibit phorbol ester-induced prostaglandin E2 production","volume":"61","author":"Ireson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.03.103","article-title":"Curcumin blocks interleukin (IL)-2 signaling in T-lymphocytes by inhibiting IL-2 synthesis, CD25 expression, and IL-2 receptor signaling","volume":"407","author":"Forward","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10200","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.318733","article-title":"Curcumin suppresses T cell activation by blocking Ca2+ mobilization and nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) activation","volume":"287","author":"Kliem","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1006\/clim.1999.4769","article-title":"Curcumin causes the growth arrest and apoptosis of B cell lymphoma by downregulation of egr-1, c-myc, bcl-X L, NF-\u03baB, and p53","volume":"93","author":"Han","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-1511","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits prosurvival pathways in chronic lymphocytic leukemia B cells and may overcome their stromal protection in combination with EGCG","volume":"15","author":"Ghosh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1995.1076","article-title":"Curcumin, an anti-tumor promoter and anti-inflammatory agent, inhibits induction of nitric oxide synthase in activated macrophages","volume":"206","author":"Brouet","year":"1995","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Young, N.A., Bruss, M.S., Gardner, M., Willis, W.L., Mo, X., Valiente, G.R., Cao, Y., Liu, Z., Jarjour, W.N., and Wu, L.-C. (2014). Oral administration of nano-emulsion curcumin in mice suppresses inflammatory-induced NF\u03baB signaling and macrophage migration. PloS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111559"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-014-0758-9","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression and enhances cholesterol efflux by suppressing the c-Jun N-terminal kinase pathway in macrophage","volume":"63","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/cei.12322","article-title":"Curcumin ameliorates autoimmune diabetes. Evidence in accelerated murine models of type 1 diabetes","volume":"177","author":"Castro","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2010.04232.x","article-title":"Curcumin induces maturation-arrested dendritic cells that expand regulatory T cells in vitro and in vivo","volume":"162","author":"Rogers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bright, J.J. (2007). Curcumin and autoimmune disease. The Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Uses of Curcumin in Health and Disease, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-46401-5_19"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2016.01.013","article-title":"Curcumin shows excellent therapeutic effect on psoriasis in mouse model","volume":"123","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jrn.2011.03.002","article-title":"Oral supplementation of turmeric decreases proteinuria, hematuria, and systolic blood pressure in patients suffering from relapsing or refractory lupus nephritis: A randomized and placebo-controlled study","volume":"22","author":"Khajehdehi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Ren. Nutr."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/5\/1745\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:03:55Z","timestamp":1760173435000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/5\/1745"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21051745"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21051745","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]}}}