{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:45:36Z","timestamp":1760237136858,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":96,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Increasing evidence implicates mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiology of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD). Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutations are considered a possible cause and this mechanism might be shared with the aging process and with other age-related neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). We have recently proposed a computerized method for mutated mtDNA characterization able to discriminate between AD and aging. The present study deals with mtDNA mutation-based profiling of PD. Peripheral blood mtDNA sequences from late-onset PD patients and age-matched controls were analyzed and compared to the revised Cambridge Reference Sequence (rCRS). The chaos game representation (CGR) method, modified to visualize heteroplasmic mutations, was used to display fractal properties of mtDNA sequences and fractal lacunarity analysis was applied to quantitatively characterize PD based on mtDNA mutations. Parameter \u03b2, from the hyperbola model function of our lacunarity method, was statistically different between PD and control groups when comparing mtDNA sequence frames corresponding to GenBank np 5713-9713. Our original method, based on CGR and lacunarity analysis, represents a useful tool to analyze mtDNA mutations. Lacunarity parameter \u03b2 is able to characterize individual mutation profile of mitochondrial genome and could represent a promising index to discriminate between PD and aging.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051758","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]],"date-time":"2020-03-04T10:46:08Z","timestamp":1583318768000},"page":"1758","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Biocomplexity and Fractality in the Search of Biomarkers of Aging and Pathology: Mitochondrial DNA Profiling of Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2300-8024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annamaria","family":"Zaia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Innovative Models and Technology for Ageing Care, Scientific Direction, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierluigi","family":"Maponi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Zannotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Innovative Models and Technology for Ageing Care, Scientific Direction, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy"},{"name":"School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiziana","family":"Casoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Neurobiology of Aging, IRCCS INRCA, 60121 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2143","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.45.12.2143","article-title":"Prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease in the elderly: The rotterdam study","volume":"45","author":"Breteler","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1126\/science.276.5321.2045","article-title":"Mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene identified in families with Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"276","author":"Polymeropoulos","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1038\/33416","article-title":"Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal recessive juvenile parkinsonism","volume":"392","author":"Kitada","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/S1353-8020(01)00054-2","article-title":"Occupational and environmental risk factors for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Lai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. 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