{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T09:15:21Z","timestamp":1782897321119,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]],"date-time":"2020-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583366400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001818","name":"Research to Prevent Blindness","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Research to prevent blindness"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Research to prevent blindness"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001818","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fight for Sight Grant-In-Aid","award":["Fight for Sight Grant-In-Aid, DLS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fight for Sight Grant-In-Aid, DLS"]}]},{"name":"Colorado Nutrition Obesity Research Center","award":["P30 DK48520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 DK48520"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Glaucoma is an optic neuropathy and involves the progressive degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which leads to blindness in patients. We investigated the role of the neuroprotective kynurenic acid (KYNA) in RGC death against retinal ischemia\/reperfusion (I\/R) injury. Methods: We injected KYNA intravenously or intravitreally to mice. We generated a knockout mouse strain of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO), an enzyme in the kynurenine pathway that produces neurotoxic 3-hydroxykynurenine. To test the effect of mild hyperglycemia on RGC protection, we used streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice. Retinal I\/R injury was induced by increasing intraocular pressure for 60 min followed by reperfusion and RGC numbers were counted in the retinal flat mounts. Results: Intravenous or intravitreal administration of KYNA protected RGCs against I\/R injury. The I\/R injury caused a greater loss of RGCs in wild type than in KMO knockout mice. KMO knockout mice had mildly higher levels of fasting blood glucose than wild type mice. Diabetic mice showed significantly lower loss of RGCs when compared with non-diabetic mice subjected to I\/R injury. Conclusion: Together, our study suggests that the absence of KMO protects RGCs against I\/R injury, through mechanisms that likely involve higher levels of KYNA and glucose.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051795","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T09:26:41Z","timestamp":1583486801000},"page":"1795","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Kynurenic Acid Protects Against Ischemia\/Reperfusion-Induced Retinal Ganglion Cell Death in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7702-3225","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rooban B.","family":"Nahomi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mi-Hyun","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johanna","family":"Rankenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Rakete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie A.","family":"Houck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginger C.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota L.","family":"Stankowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, North Texas Eye Research Institute, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina B.","family":"Pantcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"MacLean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ram H.","family":"Nagaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sue Anschutz-Rodgers Eye Center and Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"},{"name":"Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1136\/bjo.2005.081224","article-title":"The number of people with glaucoma worldwide in 2010 and 2020","volume":"90","author":"Quigley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. 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