{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T03:19:43Z","timestamp":1790651983567,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000781","name":"European Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ERC-2014-StG 638284"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ERC-2014-StG 638284"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000781","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000860","name":"European Society of Cardiology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ESC Research Grant 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ESC Research Grant 2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000860","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pharmacological concentrations of melatonin reduce reperfusion arrhythmias, but less is known about the antiarrhythmic protection of the physiological circadian rhythm of melatonin. Bilateral surgical removal of the superior cervical ganglia irreversibly suppresses melatonin rhythmicity. This study aimed to analyze the cardiac electrophysiological effects of the loss of melatonin circadian oscillation and the role played by myocardial melatonin membrane receptors, SERCA2A, TNF\u03b1, nitrotyrosine, TGF\u03b2, KATP channels, and connexin 43. Three weeks after bilateral removal of the superior cervical ganglia or sham surgery, the hearts were isolated and submitted to ten minutes of regional ischemia followed by ten minutes of reperfusion. Arrhythmias, mainly ventricular tachycardia, increased during reperfusion in the ganglionectomy group. These hearts also suffered an epicardial electrical activation delay that increased during ischemia, action potential alternants, triggered activity, and dispersion of action potential duration. Hearts from ganglionectomized rats showed a reduction of the cardioprotective MT2 receptors, the MT1 receptors, and SERCA2A. Markers of nitroxidative stress (nitrotyrosine), inflammation (TNF\u03b1), and fibrosis (TGF\u03b2 and vimentin) did not change between groups. Connexin 43 lateralization and the pore-forming subunit (Kir6.1) of KATP channels increased in the experimental group. We conclude that the loss of the circadian rhythm of melatonin predisposes the heart to suffer cardiac arrhythmias, mainly ventricular tachycardia, due to conduction disorders and changes in repolarization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T09:26:41Z","timestamp":1583486801000},"page":"1804","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Reperfusion Arrhythmias Increase after Superior Cervical Ganglionectomy Due to Conduction Disorders and Changes in Repolarization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Natalia Jorgelina","family":"Prado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"},{"name":"Institute of Medical and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU-UNCuyo-CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Estela Maris","family":"Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology: Chronobiology Section, Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza, IHEM-UNCUYO-CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luz Estefan\u00eda","family":"Farias Altamirano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology: Chronobiology Section, Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza, IHEM-UNCUYO-CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"},{"name":"Laboratory of Neurobiology: Chronobiology Section, Institute of Histology and Embryology of Mendoza, IHEM-UNCUYO-CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amira Zulma","family":"Ponce Zumino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"},{"name":"Institute of Medical and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU-UNCuyo-CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco Javier","family":"S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberto Miguel","family":"Miatello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"},{"name":"Institute of Medical and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU-UNCuyo-CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1960-407X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Pueyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BSICOS Group, I3A, IIS Arag\u00f3n, University of Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER-BBN, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5163-3703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emiliano Ra\u00fal","family":"Diez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"},{"name":"Institute of Medical and Experimental Biology of Cuyo, IMBECU-UNCuyo-CONICET, Mendoza 5500, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hlc.2018.08.026","article-title":"Epidemiology of Sudden Cardiac Death: Global and Regional Perspectives","volume":"28","author":"Wong","year":"2019","journal-title":"Heart. Lung Circ."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pandi-Perumal, S.R. (2005). Melatonin: Biological Basis of its Function in Health and Disease, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781498713511"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.2741\/4063","article-title":"The role of melatonin in acute myocardial infarction","volume":"17","author":"Avanzas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12377","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12377","article-title":"Melatonin and the pathologies of weakened or dysregulated circadian oscillators","volume":"62","author":"Hardeland","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.02.001","article-title":"Circadian variation in acute myocardial infarction size: Likely involvement of the melatonin and suprachiasmatic nuclei","volume":"235","author":"Reiter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079x.2002.1o853.x","article-title":"Effects of physiological and pharmacological concentrations of melatonin on ischemia-reperfusion arrhythmias in rats: Can the incidence of sudden cardiac death be reduced?","volume":"32","author":"Sahna","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2905-x","article-title":"Roles of melatonin and its receptors in cardiac ischemia\u2013reperfusion injury","volume":"75","author":"Singhanat","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.08.026","article-title":"Circadian rhythm of cardiac electrophysiology, arrhythmogenesis, and the underlying mechanisms","volume":"16","author":"Black","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hear. Rhythm"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yjmcc.2017.08.009","article-title":"Neonatal rat cardiomyocytes as an in vitro model for circadian rhythms in the heart","volume":"112","author":"Dierickx","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-019-0167-4","article-title":"Circadian rhythms and the molecular clock in cardiovascular biology and disease","volume":"16","author":"Crnko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vascn.2019.106589","article-title":"Incidence of spontaneous arrhythmias in freely moving healthy untreated Sprague-Dawley rats","volume":"99","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2016.1263003","article-title":"Chronobiological perspectives on myocardial electrophysiological parameters under three types of general anesthesia in a rat model","volume":"48","author":"Svorc","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Rhythm Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12589","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12589","article-title":"Physiological and pharmacological effects of melatonin on remote ischemic perconditioning after myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats: Role of Cybb, Fas, Nf\u03baB, Irisin signaling pathway","volume":"67","author":"Sahna","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2002.02924.x","article-title":"Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion in rats: Reduction of infarct size by either supplemental physiological or pharmacological doses of melatonin","volume":"33","author":"Sahna","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12059","article-title":"Melatonin, given at the time of reperfusion, prevents ventricular arrhythmias in isolated hearts from fructose-fed rats and spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"55","author":"Diez","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-018-0842-6","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Melatonin in Obesity and Hypertension","volume":"20","author":"Prado","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00370","article-title":"Alterations in Metabolism and Diurnal Rhythms following Bilateral Surgical Removal of the Superior Cervical Ganglia in Rats","volume":"8","author":"Galiana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12211","article-title":"Pinealectomy interferes with the circadian clock genes expression in white adipose tissue","volume":"58","author":"Andreotti","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneumeth.2010.07.007","article-title":"A standardized surgical technique for rat superior cervical ganglionectomy","volume":"192","author":"Savastano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Methods"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12228","article-title":"Expression and cellular localization of the transcription factor NeuroD1 in the developing and adult rat pineal gland","volume":"58","author":"Castro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00615.x","article-title":"Melatonin receptor-mediated protection against myocardial ischaemia\/reperfusion injury: Role of its anti-adrenergic actions","volume":"45","author":"Genade","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2112","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002625","article-title":"Activation of melatonin receptors by ramelteon induces cardioprotection by postconditioning in the rat heart","volume":"126","author":"Stroethoff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12605","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12605","article-title":"Melatonin receptor activation protects against low potassium-induced ventricular fibrillation by preserving action potentials and connexin-43 topology in isolated rat hearts","volume":"67","author":"Prado","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12571","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12571","article-title":"Activation of melatonin receptor 2 but not melatonin receptor 1 mediates melatonin-conferred cardioprotection against myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"67","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2008.04.001","article-title":"Physiological effects of melatonin: Role of melatonin receptors and signal transduction pathways","volume":"85","author":"Trakht","year":"2008","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00604.x","article-title":"Decreased MT1 and MT2 melatonin receptor expression in extrapineal tissues of the rat during physiological aging","volume":"46","author":"Lardone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.110.002832","article-title":"International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXV. Nomenclature, classification, and pharmacology of G protein-coupled melatonin receptors","volume":"62","author":"Dubocovich","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2011.00886.x","article-title":"Intracoronary melatonin increases coronary blood flow and cardiac function through \u03b2-adrenoreceptors, MT1\/MT2 receptors, and nitric oxide in anesthetized pigs","volume":"51","author":"Grossini","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2012.01.004","article-title":"Melatonin membrane receptors in peripheral tissues: Distribution and functions","volume":"351","author":"Slominski","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12161","article-title":"Melatonin receptor-mediated protection against myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury: Role of SIRT1","volume":"57","author":"Yu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.08.064","article-title":"Role of melatonin, melatonin receptors and STAT3 in the cardioprotective effect of chronic and moderate consumption of red wine","volume":"465","author":"Lamont","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13536","article-title":"Update on melatonin receptors: IUPHAR Review 20","volume":"173","author":"Jockers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"44","article-title":"Melatonin-induced protective effects on cardiomyocytes against reperfusion injury partly through modulation of IP3R and SERCA2a via activation of ERK1","volume":"110","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arq. Bras. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2015.02.009","article-title":"Melatonin receptor and KATP channel modulation in experimental vascular dementia","volume":"142","author":"Singh","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12490","article-title":"Anticonvulsant effect of melatonin through ATP-sensitive channels in mice","volume":"34","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248413515078","article-title":"Role of ATP-Sensitive K+ Channels in Cardiac Arrhythmias","volume":"19","author":"Nakaya","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2012-0393","article-title":"Melatonin attenuates hypertension-related proarrhythmic myocardial maladaptation of connexin-43 and propensity of the heart to lethal arrhythmias","volume":"91","author":"Benova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/1074248414538704","article-title":"Heart Remodeling and Ischemia\u2013Reperfusion Arrhythmias Linked to Myocardial Vitamin D Receptors Deficiency in Obstructive Nephropathy Are Reversed by Paricalcitol","volume":"20","author":"Diez","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12513","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12513","article-title":"Antiarrhythmic effect linked to melatonin cardiorenal protection involves AT 1 reduction and Hsp70-VDR increase","volume":"65","author":"Prado","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-079X.2002.01869.x","article-title":"Protective effects of melatonin on myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury in vivo","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1669","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00010.2008","article-title":"Increased intracellular Ca2+ and SR Ca2+ load contribute to arrhythmias after acidosis in rat heart. Role of Ca2+\/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II","volume":"295","author":"Said","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpj.2010.06.042","article-title":"So little source, so much sink: Requirements for afterdepolarizations to propagate in tissue","volume":"99","author":"Xie","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biophys. J."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"S29","article-title":"Protection of cardiac cell-to-cell coupling attenuate myocardial remodeling and proarrhythmia induced by hypertension","volume":"65","author":"Viczenczova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12190","article-title":"Cardioprotective effects of melatonin against myocardial injuries induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats","volume":"58","author":"Yeung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3005","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271622","article-title":"Phospholamban ablation rescues the enhanced propensity to arrhythmias of mice with CaMKII-constitutive phosphorylation of RyR2 at site S2814","volume":"594","author":"Mazzocchi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvy213","article-title":"Ablation of phospholamban rescues reperfusion arrhythmias but exacerbates myocardium infarction in hearts with Ca2+\/calmodulin kinase II constitutive phosphorylation of ryanodine receptors","volume":"115","author":"Valverde","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199602290-00009","article-title":"Melatonin receptors activate heteromeric G-protein coupled Kir3 channels","volume":"7","author":"Nelson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-079X.2008.00643.x","article-title":"A novel electrophysiologic effect of melatonin on ischemia\/reperfusion-induced arrhythmias in isolated rat hearts","volume":"46","author":"Diez","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sedova, K.A., Bernikova, O.G., Cuprova, J.I., Ivanova, A.D., Kutaeva, G.A., Pliss, M.G., Lopatina, E.V., Vaykshnorayte, M.A., Diez, E.R., and Azarov, J.E. (2019). Association Between Antiarrhythmic, Electrophysiological, and Antioxidative Effects of Melatonin in Ischemia\/Reperfusion. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246331"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2267","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-09929-w","article-title":"The K219T-Lamin mutation induces conduction defects through epigenetic inhibition of SCN5A in human cardiac laminopathy","volume":"10","author":"Salvarani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heinrich, M., Oberbach, A., Schlichting, N., Stolzenburg, J.-U., and Neuhaus, J. (2011). Cytokine effects on gap junction communication and connexin expression in human bladder smooth muscle cells and suburothelial myofibroblasts. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0020792"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12410","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12410","article-title":"Melatonin administration to wild-type mice and nontreated NLRP3 mutant mice share similar inhibition of the inflammatory response during sepsis","volume":"63","author":"Rahim","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2016.08.003","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cardiac electromechanical remodeling during Chagas disease: Role of TNF and TGF-\u03b2","volume":"27","author":"Cruz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2462","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24505","article-title":"Differential response of pineal microglia to surgical versus pharmacological stimuli","volume":"526","author":"Galiana","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.32725\/jab.2008.021","article-title":"The effect of tryptophan administration on the circadian rhythms of melatonin in plasma and the pineal gland of rats","volume":"6","author":"Paredes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Biomed"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2013.04.008","article-title":"The Lambeth Conventions (II): Guidelines for the study of animal and human ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias","volume":"139","author":"Curtis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/5\/1804\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:04:39Z","timestamp":1760173479000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/5\/1804"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21051804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21051804","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]}}}