{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T21:09:30Z","timestamp":1792789770206,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1583452800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bisphenol S (BPS) is a structural analog of the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA); it is the main BPA replacement in the plastics industry. Previous studies have shown that BPA and BPS exhibit similar effects on reproduction in fish and rodent species. BPS reportedly alters steroidogenesis in bovine granulosa cells. Luteinised granulosa cells collected from 59 women who were undergoing an in vitro fertilization procedure were cultured for 48 h in the presence or absence of BPS (10 nM, 100 nM, 1 \u00b5M, 10 \u00b5M or 50 \u00b5M). BPS exposure was investigated by assessing follicular fluids from these 59 women for their BPS content. Culture medium, cells, total messenger RNA (mRNA) and total protein extracted from the luteinised granulosa cells were examined for oestradiol and progesterone secretion, cellular proliferation, viability, gene expression, steroidogenic enzyme expression and cell signaling. BPS was measured in follicular fluids using mass spectrometry. Exposure of granulosa cells to 10 or 50 \u00b5M BPS for 48 h induced a 16% (p = 0.0059) and 64% (p &lt; 0.0001) decrease, respectively, in progesterone secretion; 50 \u00b5M BPS decreased oestradiol secretion by 46% (p &lt; 0.0001). Ten \u00b5M BPS also tended to reduce CYP11A1 protein expression by 37% (p = 0.0947) without affecting HSD3B1 and CYP19A1 expression. Fifty \u00b5M BPS increased ERR\u03b3 expression. Environmental levels of BPS (nanomolar range) did not induce changes in steroidogenesis in human granulosa cells. The effects of BPS were observed after only 48 h of BPS exposure. These acute effects might be similar to chronic effects of physiological BPS levels.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051821","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]],"date-time":"2020-03-06T09:26:41Z","timestamp":1583486801000},"page":"1821","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Bisphenol S Impaired Human Granulosa Cell Steroidogenesis in Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Amar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France"},{"name":"Service de Chirurgie p\u00e9diatrique visc\u00e9rale, urologique, plastique et br\u00fbl\u00e9s, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Binet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France"},{"name":"Service de Chirurgie p\u00e9diatrique visc\u00e9rale, urologique, plastique et br\u00fbl\u00e9s, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oph\u00e9lie","family":"T\u00e9teau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alice","family":"Desmarchais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Papillier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marl\u00e8ne Z.","family":"Lacroix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Therapeutic Innovations and Resistance (INTHERES), Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, 31076 Toulouse, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginie","family":"Maillard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabrice","family":"Gu\u00e9rif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France"},{"name":"Service de M\u00e9decine et Biologie de la Reproduction, CHRU de Tours, 37000 Tours, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0376-0641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastien","family":"Elis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PRC, INRAE, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, IFCE, 37380 Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"CR598","article-title":"The effect of caffeine consumption on the success rate of pregnancy as well various performance parameters of in-vitro fertilization treatment","volume":"16","author":"Grisellhi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. 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