{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T14:09:35Z","timestamp":1765807775518,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]],"date-time":"2020-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584316800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the advent of combined antiretroviral therapy has substantially improved the survival of HIV-1-infected individuals, non-AIDS-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent in HIV-1-infected patients. Persistent abnormalities in coagulation appear to contribute to excess risk for a broad spectrum of non-AIDS defining complications. Alterations in coagulation biology in the context of HIV infection seem to be largely a consequence of a chronically inflammatory microenvironment leading to endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction. A possible direct role of HIV-1 proteins in sustaining EC dysfunction has been postulated but not yet investigated. The HIV-1 matrix protein p17 (p17) is secreted from HIV-1-infected cells and is known to sustain inflammatory processes by activating ECs. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility that p17-driven stimulation of human ECs is associated with increased production of critical coagulation factors. Here we show the involvement of autophagy in the p17-induced accumulation and secretion of von Willebrand factor (vWF) by ECs. In vivo experiments confirmed the capability of p17 to exert a potent pro-coagulant activity soon after its intravenous administration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,18]],"date-time":"2020-03-18T08:13:27Z","timestamp":1584519207000},"page":"2022","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Role of Autophagy in Von Willebrand Factor Secretion by Endothelial Cells and in the In Vivo Thrombin-Antithrombin Complex Formation Promoted by the HIV-1 Matrix Protein p17"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Antonella","family":"Bugatti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1598-0526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefania","family":"Marsico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, 87036 Arcavacata di Rende, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Mazzuca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Ebensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4461-9353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cinzia","family":"Giagulli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2750-0614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esther","family":"Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Program ICCC, CiberCV, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9162-2459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lina","family":"Badim\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cardiovascular Program ICCC, CiberCV, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3767-4861","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Slevin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"John Dalton Building, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arnaldo","family":"Caruso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos A.","family":"Guzman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Center for Infection Research (HZI), Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Caccuri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia Medical School, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200911154","article-title":"Unconventional secretion of Acb1 is mediated by autophagosomes","volume":"188","author":"Duran","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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