{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T18:59:40Z","timestamp":1785265180031,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]],"date-time":"2020-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584576000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015-67015-23231"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015-67015-23231"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-67012-29714"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67012-29714"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-67011-26023"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-67011-26023"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5 R01 HD084353-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5 R01 HD084353-02"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGPIN\/192093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGPIN\/192093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Building on our recent discovery of the zinc signature phenomenon present in boar, bull, and human spermatozoa, we have further characterized the role of zinc ions in the spermatozoa\u2019s pathway to fertilization. In boar, the zinc signature differed between the three major boar ejaculate fractions, the initial pre-rich, the sperm-rich, and the post-sperm-rich fraction. These differences set in the sperm ejaculatory sequence establish two major sperm cohorts with marked differences in their sperm capacitation progress. On the subcellular level, we show that the capacitation-induced Zn-ion efflux allows for sperm release from oviductal glycans as analyzed with the oviductal epithelium mimicking glycan binding assay. Sperm zinc efflux also activates zinc-containing enzymes and proteases involved in sperm penetration of the zona pellucida, such as the inner acrosomal membrane matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2). Both MMP2 and the 26S proteasome showed severely reduced activity in the presence of zinc ions, through studies using by gel zymography and the fluorogenic substrates, respectively. In the context of the fertilization-induced oocyte zinc spark and the ensuing oocyte-issued polyspermy-blocking zinc shield, the inhibitory effect of zinc on sperm-borne enzymes may contribute to the fast block of polyspermy. Altogether, our findings establish a new paradigm on the role of zinc ions in sperm function and pave the way for the optimization of animal semen analysis, artificial insemination (AI), and human male-factor infertility diagnostics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062121","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T07:29:07Z","timestamp":1584689347000},"page":"2121","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Sperm Cohort-Specific Zinc Signature Acquisition and Capacitation-Induced Zinc Flux Regulate Sperm-Oviduct and Sperm-Zona Pellucida Interactions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7425-0131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karl","family":"Kerns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8876-9946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Momal","family":"Sharif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2964-5940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Zigo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3 N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Hamilton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3 N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Sutovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Ellersieck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erma Z.","family":"Drobnis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women\u2019s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8669-4477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolai","family":"Bovin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shemyakin Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Moscow 117997, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Oko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen\u2019s University, Kingston, ON K7L 3 N6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7147-5546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9231-2823","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Sutovsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Women\u2019s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211-5300, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chu, D.S. 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