{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T03:47:36Z","timestamp":1785901656329,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31571164 and 31271207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31571164 and 31271207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperuricemia is a central risk factor for gout and increases the risk for other chronic diseases, including cardiometabolic disease, kidney disease, and hypertension. Overproduction of urate is one of the main reasons for hyperuricemia, and dietary factors including seafoods, meats, and drinking are contributed to the development of it. However, the lack of a suitable animal model for urate metabolism is one of the main reasons for the delay and limitations of hyperuricemia research. Combining evolutionary biological studies and clinical studies, we conclude that chicken is a preferred animal model for hyperuricemia. Thus, we provided chickens a high-protein diet (HPD) to evaluate the changes in the serum urate levels in chickens. In our study, the HPD increased the serum urate level and maintained it at a long-term high level in chickens. Long-term high serum urate levels induced an abnormal chicken claw morphology and the precipitation of monosodium urate (MSU) in joint synovial fluid. In addition, a long-term HPD also decreased the glomerular filtration rate and induced mild renal injury. Most importantly, allopurinol and probenecid displayed the positive effects in decreasing serum urate and then attenuated hyperuricemia in chicken model. These findings provide a novel model for hyperuricemia and a new opportunity to further investigate the effects of long-term hyperuricemia on other metabolic diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062147","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T11:42:11Z","timestamp":1584704531000},"page":"2147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":70,"title":["High-Protein Diet Induces Hyperuricemia in a New Animal Model for Studying Human Gout"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Fan","family":"Hong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aijuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture &amp; National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6854-6040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengfei","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jialin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shijia","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlu","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing First Agriculture Co. LTD, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Letong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guohua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture &amp; National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yonggong","family":"Zhai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Key Laboratory of Gene Resource and Molecular Development, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory for Cell Proliferation and Regulation Biology of State Education Ministry, College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"1045","article-title":"Community based epidemiological study on hyperuricemia and gout in Kin-Hu, Kinmen","volume":"27","author":"Lin","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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