{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T11:06:47Z","timestamp":1769339207951,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]],"date-time":"2020-03-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1584662400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004442","name":"Narodowym Centrum Nauki","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018\/29\/N\/NZ4\/00348"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018\/29\/N\/NZ4\/00348"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004442","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), is a commonly used anti-inflammatory drug that has analgesic and antipyretic properties. The side effects are well known, however, knowledge concerning its influence on gastric and intestinal innervation is limited. The enteric nervous system (ENS) innervates the whole gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and is comprised of more than one hundred million neurons. The capacity of neurons to adapt to microenvironmental influences, termed as an enteric neuronal plasticity, is an essential adaptive response to various pathological stimuli. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to determine the influence of prolonged ASA supplementation on the immunolocalization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and cocaine- and amphetamine- regulated transcript peptide (CART) in the porcine jejunum. The experiment was performed on 8 Pietrain \u00d7 Duroc immature gilts. Using routine double-labelling immunofluorescence, we revealed that the ENS nerve cells underwent adaptive changes in response to the induced inflammation, which was manifested by upregulated or downregulated expression of the studied neurotransmitters. Our results suggest the participation of nNOS, VIP and CART in the development of inflammation and may form the basis for further neuro-gastroenterological research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21062157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,23]],"date-time":"2020-03-23T04:03:01Z","timestamp":1584936181000},"page":"2157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Neurochemical Plasticity of nNOS-, VIP- and CART-Immunoreactive Neurons Following Prolonged Acetylsalicylic Acid Supplementation in the Porcine Jejunum"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Dominika","family":"Rz\u0105p","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Czajkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Ca\u0142ka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego Str. 13, 10-718 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"iv15","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the enteric nervous system","volume":"47","author":"Costa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2018.09.002","article-title":"Changes in VIP-, SP- and CGRP- like immunoreactivity in intramural neurons within the pig stomach following supplementation with low and high doses of acrylamide","volume":"69","author":"Palus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e134","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13439","article-title":"Chemically induced inflammation and nerve damage affect the distribution of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide-like immunoreactive (VIP-LI) nervous structures in the descending colon of the domestic pig","volume":"30","author":"Makowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furness, J.B. (2008). The Enteric Nervous System, John Wiley & Sons. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470988756"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_3","article-title":"The enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal innervation: Integrated local and central control","volume":"817","author":"Furness","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.2012.032","article-title":"Characterisation of cocaine-wojtkiporcine small intestine","volume":"60","author":"Wojtkiewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.2298\/AVB0904321G","article-title":"Proliferative enteropathy (PE)-induced changes in galanin\u2014like immunoreactivity in the enteric nervous system of the porcine distal colon","volume":"59","author":"Gonkowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Vet."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"4735659","article-title":"Changes in Immunoreactivity of Sensory Substances within the Enteric Nervous System of the Porcine Stomach during Experimentally Induced Diabetes","volume":"24","author":"Bulc","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.18773\/austprescr.2004.119","article-title":"The Vascular Effects of COX-2 selective inhibitors","volume":"27","author":"Day","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aust. Prescr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.963843","article-title":"Aspirin: A historical and contemporary therapeutic overview","volume":"123","author":"Fuster","year":"2011","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-258X.258221","article-title":"Risk of lower gastrointestinal bleeding with low-dose aspirin: To give or not to give?","volume":"31","author":"Ali","year":"2018","journal-title":"Natl. Med. J. India."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7563","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.13.7563","article-title":"Nonsteroid drug selectivities for cyclo-oxygenase-1 rather than cyclo-oxygenase-2 are associated with human gastrointestinal toxicity: A full in vitro analysis","volume":"96","author":"Warner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(97)00203-9","article-title":"Mechanism of Action of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs","volume":"104","author":"Vane","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/367215a0","article-title":"Towards a better aspirin","volume":"367","author":"Vane","year":"1994","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1861","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i12.1861","article-title":"Mechanisms, prevention and clinical implications of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-enteropathy","volume":"19","author":"Wallace","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1211\/002235703765344577","article-title":"Gastrointestinal mucosal injury following repeated daily oral administration of conventional formulations of indometacin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs to pigs: A model for human gastrointestinal disease","volume":"55","author":"Rainsford","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2004.00607.x","article-title":"Plasticity of the enteric nervous system during intestinal inflammation","volume":"17","author":"Lomax","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8596214","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8596214","article-title":"Neurochemical Plasticity of the Coeliac-Superior Mesenteric Ganglion Complex Neurons Projecting to the Prepyloric Area of the Porcine Stomach following Hyperacidity","volume":"2016","author":"Palus","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neural Plast."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1743-3150.2004.00487.x","article-title":"Role of vasoactive intestinal peptide and inflammatory mediators in enteric neuronal plasticity","volume":"16","author":"Ekblad","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2018.08.001","article-title":"Nitric oxide as an active substance in the enteric neurons of the porcine digestive tract in physiological conditions and under intoxication with bisphenol A (BPA)","volume":"80","author":"Gonkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"129","article-title":"Inflammatory bowel disease affects density of nitrergic nerve fibers in the mucosal layer of the canine gastrointestinal tract","volume":"81","author":"Rychlik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Can. J. Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2012.06.010","article-title":"Immunolocalization of NOS, VIP, galanin and SP in the small intestine of suckling pigs treated with red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) lectin","volume":"115","author":"Arciszewski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2018.06.002","article-title":"Acrylamide-induced alterations in the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated peptide transcript (CART)-like immunoreactivity within the enteric nervous system of the porcine small intestines","volume":"219","author":"Palus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2013.08.007","article-title":"Effects of inflammation and axotomy on expression of acetylcholine transferase and nitric oxide synthetase within the cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-immunoreactive neurons of the porcine descending colon","volume":"150","author":"Rychlik","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oponowicz, A., Koz\u0142owska, A., Gonkowski, S., Godlewski, J., and Majewski, M. (2018). Changes in the Distribution of Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript-Containing Neural Structures in the Human Colon Affected by the Neoplastic Process. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19020414"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2019.151425","article-title":"Long-term treatment with naproxen changes the chemical coding of the porcine intramural duodenum neurons","volume":"227","author":"Czajkowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Anat."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1002\/prca.201300099","article-title":"The pig as an animal model for human pathologies: A proteomics perspective","volume":"8","author":"Bassols","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proteom. Clin. Appl."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e30","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2012.e30","article-title":"Secretion of immunomodulating neuropeptides (VIP, SP) and nitric oxide synthase in porcine small intestine during postnatal development","volume":"56","author":"Valpotic","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.21033","article-title":"Plasticity and neural stem cells in the enteric nervous system","volume":"292","author":"Copray","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(99)00115-7","article-title":"Enzymatic function of nitric oxide synthases","volume":"43","author":"Andrew","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"63","article-title":"Biochemical aspects of nitric oxide synthase feedback regulation by nitric oxide","volume":"4","year":"2011","journal-title":"Interdiscipl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0704569","article-title":"NO as a signalling molecule in the nervous system","volume":"135","author":"Esplugues","year":"2002","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1038\/345346a0","article-title":"Nitric oxide as an inhibitory non-adrenergic non-cholinergic neurotransmitter","volume":"345","author":"Bult","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2011.31.39","article-title":"Nitric oxide and the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"7","author":"Kochar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2013.01.004","article-title":"The role of the intestinal microcirculation in necrotizing enterocolitis","volume":"22","author":"Watkins","year":"2014","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1579","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026658826010","article-title":"Distribution and colocalization of nitric oxide synthase and calretinin in myenteric neurons of developing, aging, and Crohn\u2019s disease human small intestine","volume":"44","author":"Belai","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-015-0537-2","article-title":"The Influence of Low Doses of Zearalenone on Distribution of Selected Active Substances in Nerve Fibers Within the Circular Muscle Layer of Porcine Ileum","volume":"56","author":"Gonkowski","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.1070290203","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the pig large intestine: Topography, morphology, and viscerofugal projections","volume":"29","author":"Barbiers","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2004.12.002","article-title":"Choline acetyltransferase and inducible nitric oxide synthase are increased in myenteric plexus of diabetic guinea pig","volume":"118","author":"LePard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410050565","article-title":"Chemical coding of neurons in the myenteric plexus and external muscle of the small and large intestine of the mouse","volume":"284","author":"Sang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e23","DOI":"10.4081\/ejh.2011.e23","article-title":"NADPH-diaphorase expression in the rat jejunum after intestinal ischemia\/reperfusion","volume":"55","author":"Bolekova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Histochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(93)90220-A","article-title":"Histochemical localization of nitric oxide synthase in rat enteric nervous system","volume":"53","author":"Aimi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1690","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.35.12.1690","article-title":"Nitrergic and peptidergic innervation of the human oesophagus","volume":"35","author":"Singaram","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bulc, M., Palus, K., D\u0105browski, M., and Ca\u0142ka, J. (2019). Hyperglycaemia-Induced Downregulation in Expression of nNOS Intramural Neurons of the Small Intestine in the Pig. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071681"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-014-0274-y","article-title":"Prolonged acetylsalicylic-acid-supplementation-induced gastritis affects the chemical coding of the stomach innervating vagal efferent neurons in the porcine dorsal motor vagal nucleus","volume":"54","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2016.02.029","article-title":"Acetylsalicylic acid-induced changes in the chemical coding of extrinsic sensory neurons supplying the prepyloric area of the porcine stomach","volume":"617","author":"Rytel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2007.09.003","article-title":"Distribution and chemical coding of intramural neurons in the porcine ileum during proliferative enteropathy","volume":"138","author":"Pidsudko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90633-9","article-title":"Role of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression and peroxynitrite formation in guinea pig ileitis","volume":"109","author":"Miller","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"346","article-title":"Cooperative modulation of gastrointestinal mucosal defence by prostaglandins and nitric oxide","volume":"19","author":"Wallace","year":"1996","journal-title":"Clin. Investig. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1997.00247.x","article-title":"Aspirin causes rapid up-regulation of cyclo-oxygenase-2 expression in the stomach of rats","volume":"11","author":"Davies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"980","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2011.01780.x","article-title":"The involvement of nitric oxide synthase neurons in enteric neuropathies","volume":"23","author":"Rivera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199709000-00001","article-title":"Hyperpolarization and relaxation of canine vascular smooth muscle to vasoactive intestinal polypeptide","volume":"30","author":"Nakashima","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2007.01.021","article-title":"Role of VIP and Substance P in NANC innervation in the longitudinal smooth muscle of the rat jejunum -influence of extrinsic denervation","volume":"141","author":"Kasparek","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.2013.0055","article-title":"Co-localisation of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript peptide and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in the myenteric plexus of the porcine transverse colon","volume":"72","author":"Palus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2007.09.021","article-title":"Vasoactive intestinal peptide rescues cultured rat myenteric neurons from lipopolysaccharide induced cell death","volume":"146","author":"Arciszewski","year":"2008","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410050788","article-title":"Neurochemical differentiation of rat enteric neurons during pre- and postnatal life","volume":"288","author":"Matini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0185(20010101)262:1<47::AID-AR1010>3.0.CO;2-1","article-title":"Enteric pathways in the stomach","volume":"262","author":"Schemann","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410051008","article-title":"A neurochemical characterization of the golden hamster myenteric plexus","volume":"291","author":"Toole","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1350-1925.2003.00442.x","article-title":"Neurochemical coding of myenteric neurones in the human gastric fundus","volume":"15","author":"Pimont","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2004.08.036","article-title":"Effects of vasoactive intestinal peptide and galanin on survival of cultured porcine myenteric neurons","volume":"125","author":"Arciszewski","year":"2005","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2006.02.015","article-title":"Effects of gastrointestinal inflammation on enteroendocrine cells and enteric neural reflex circuits","volume":"126","author":"Lomax","year":"2006","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.40.6.767","article-title":"Neurochemical coding in the small intestine of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"40","author":"Belai","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2982.2001.00265.x","article-title":"Neurotransmitter coding of enteric neurones in the submucous plexus is changed in non-inflamed rectum of patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"13","author":"Schneider","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01299867","article-title":"Changes of colonic vasoactive intestinal peptide and cholinergic activity in rats with chemical colitis","volume":"37","author":"Kishimoto","year":"1992","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2005.00703.x","article-title":"Indiscriminate loss of myenteric neurones in the TNBS-inflamed guinea-pig distal colon","volume":"17","author":"Linden","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2009.00397.x","article-title":"Role of Helicobacter pylori infection on neuronal expression in the stomach and spinal cord of a murine model","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2007.10.017","article-title":"Gasotransmitters in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"143","author":"Kasparek","year":"2008","journal-title":"Surgery"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.5603\/FM.2015.0028","article-title":"Immunohistochemical evidence of the co-localisation of cocaine and amphetamine regulatory peptide with neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase, vasoactive intestinal peptide and galanin within the circular muscle layer of the human caecum","volume":"74","author":"Bulc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2982.2003.00437.x","article-title":"Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript: Distribution and function in rat gastrointestinal tract","volume":"15","author":"Ekblad","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13580","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.13580","article-title":"Neurochemical characterization of the enteric neurons within the porcine jejunum in physiological conditions and under the influence of bisphenol A (BPA)","volume":"31","author":"Szymanska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-015-0618-2","article-title":"Expression of Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript (CART) in the Porcine Intramural Neurons of Stomach in the Course of Experimentally Induced Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"57","author":"Bulc","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Mol. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2854","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.8.7588","article-title":"Cocaine-amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) acts in the central nervous system to inhibit gastric acid secretion via brain corticotropin-releasing factor system","volume":"141","author":"Okumura","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palus, K., and Ca\u0142ka, J. (2015). The Influence of Prolonged Acetylsalicylic Acid Supplementation-Induced Gastritis on the Neurochemistry of the Sympathetic Neurons Supplying Prepyloric Region of the Porcine Stomach. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143661"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1556\/avet.57.2009.4.5","article-title":"Distribution of cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript-like immunoreactive (CART-LI) nerve structures in the porcine large intestine","volume":"57","author":"Gonkowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Hung."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/s12640-016-9675-8","article-title":"T2 Toxin-Induced Changes in Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Enteric Nervous System Within Selected Fragments of the Porcine Digestive Tract","volume":"31","author":"Makowska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotox. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1002\/biof.1037","article-title":"Evaluation of density and distribution of CART-immunoreactive structures in gastrointestinal tract of hypertensive rats","volume":"38","author":"Kasacka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biofactors"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2018.06.006","article-title":"Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide in the enteric nervous system of the porcine esophagus","volume":"341","author":"Makowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"C. R. Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/bcpt.12006","article-title":"Evaluation of the in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of a highly water-soluble aspirin conjugate","volume":"112","author":"Jacob","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.2106\/JBJS.L.00462","article-title":"Effect of aspirin on bone healing in a rabbit ulnar osteotomy model","volume":"95","author":"Lack","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676237","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/676237","article-title":"Paradoxical effect of aspirin","volume":"2012","author":"Doutremepuich","year":"2012","journal-title":"Thrombosis"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/6\/2157\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T09:10:16Z","timestamp":1760173816000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/6\/2157"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]},"references-count":80,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21062157"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21062157","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,20]]}}}