{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T08:39:30Z","timestamp":1786437570430,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":176,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585094400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant No 665790"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Sk\u0142odowska-Curie grant No 665790"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) supports spermatogenesis acting via its receptor (FSHR), which activates trophic effects in gonadal Sertoli cells. These pathways are targeted by hormonal drugs used for clinical treatment of infertile men, mainly belonging to sub-groups defined as hypogonadotropic hypogonadism or idiopathic infertility. While, in the first case, fertility may be efficiently restored by specific treatments, such as pulsatile gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) or choriogonadotropin (hCG) alone or in combination with FSH, less is known about the efficacy of FSH in supporting the treatment of male idiopathic infertility. This review focuses on the role of FSH in the clinical approach to male reproduction, addressing the state-of-the-art from the little data available and discussing the pharmacological evidence. New compounds, such as allosteric ligands, dually active, chimeric gonadotropins and immunoglobulins, may represent interesting avenues for future personalized, pharmacological approaches to male infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072270","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]],"date-time":"2020-03-25T13:10:47Z","timestamp":1585141847000},"page":"2270","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["FSH for the Treatment of Male Infertility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5571-392X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Livio","family":"Casarini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Cr\u00e9pieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l\u2019Agriculture, l\u2019Alimentation et l\u2019Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Fran\u00e7ais du Cheval et de l\u2019Equitation (IFCE), Universit\u00e9 de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Reiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l\u2019Agriculture, l\u2019Alimentation et l\u2019Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Fran\u00e7ais du Cheval et de l\u2019Equitation (IFCE), Universit\u00e9 de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clara","family":"Lazzaretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"International PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elia","family":"Paradiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"International PhD School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Rochira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8426-4502","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giulia","family":"Brigante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6607-7105","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniele","family":"Santi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Simoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Genomic Research, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 287, 41125 Modena, Italy"},{"name":"Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements (PRC), Institut National de Recherche pour l\u2019Agriculture, l\u2019Alimentation et l\u2019Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Fran\u00e7ais du Cheval et de l\u2019Equitation (IFCE), Universit\u00e9 de Tours, 37380 Nouzilly, France"},{"name":"Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medical Specialties, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Via P. Giardini 1355, 41126 Modena, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"739","article-title":"The Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Physiology, and Pathophysiology","volume":"18","author":"Simoni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Endocr. 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