{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T02:37:07Z","timestamp":1790735827387,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":151,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001322","name":"South African Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Flagship Grant and Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Flagship Grant and Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has been an area of interest in the field of stem cell research and regenerative medicine for the past 20 years. The main biological goal of SCNT is to reverse the differentiated state of a somatic cell, for the purpose of creating blastocysts from which embryonic stem cells (ESCs) can be derived for therapeutic cloning, or for the purpose of reproductive cloning. However, the consensus is that the low efficiency in creating normal viable offspring in animals by SCNT (1\u20135%) and the high number of abnormalities seen in these cloned animals is due to epigenetic reprogramming failure. In this review we provide an overview of the current literature on SCNT, focusing on protocol development, which includes early SCNT protocol deficiencies and optimizations along with donor cell type and cell cycle synchrony; epigenetic reprogramming in SCNT; current protocol optimizations such as nuclear reprogramming strategies that can be applied to improve epigenetic reprogramming by SCNT; applications of SCNT; the ethical and legal implications of SCNT in humans; and specific lessons learned for establishing an optimized SCNT protocol using a mouse model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072314","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"2314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":80,"title":["Lessons Learned from Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chantel","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carin","family":"Huyser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Reproductive Biology Laboratory, University of Pretoria, Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Egli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6406-2380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael S.","family":"Pepper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Department of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Extramural Unit for Stem Cell Research and Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1082091","article-title":"Molecular correlates of primate nuclear transfer failures","volume":"300","author":"Simerly","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1080\/10495390701839264","article-title":"A comparative study on the efficiency of two enucleation methods in pig somatic cell nuclear transfer: Effects of the squeezing and the aspiration methods","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anim. 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