{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T15:58:47Z","timestamp":1791820727831,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":141,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]],"date-time":"2020-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Finance Code 001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Finance Code 001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cancer cachexia is a complex multifactorial syndrome marked by a continuous depletion of skeletal muscle mass associated, in some cases, with a reduction in fat mass. It is irreversible by nutritional support alone and affects up to 74% of patients with cancer\u2014dependent on the underlying type of cancer\u2014and is associated with physical function impairment, reduced response to cancer-related therapy, and higher mortality. Organs, like muscle, adipose tissue, and liver, play an important role in the progression of cancer cachexia by exacerbating the pro- and anti-inflammatory response initially activated by the tumor and the immune system of the host. Moreover, this metabolic dysfunction is produced by alterations in glucose, lipids, and protein metabolism that, when maintained chronically, may lead to the loss of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Although a couple of drugs have yielded positive results in increasing lean body mass with limited impact on physical function, a single therapy has not lead to effective treatment of this condition. Therefore, a multimodal intervention, including pharmacological agents, nutritional support, and physical exercise, may be a reasonable approach for future studies to better understand and prevent the wasting of body compartments in patients with cancer cachexia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"2321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":107,"title":["Cancer Cachexia and Related Metabolic Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6477-8741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Wesley Peixoto da","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Heart Institute (InCor), University of S\u00e3o Paulo Medical School, S\u00e3o Paulo SP 05403-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine G\u00f6ttingen (UMG), DE-37075 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerneja","family":"Farkas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia"},{"name":"National Institute of Public Health, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Dora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"von Haehling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medicine G\u00f6ttingen (UMG), DE-37075 Goettingen, Germany"},{"name":"German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Goettingen, DE-37099 Goettingen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitja","family":"Lainscak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota, SI-9000 Murska Sobota, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(10)70218-7","article-title":"Definition and classification of cancer cachexia: An international consensus","volume":"12","author":"Fearon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12402","article-title":"Orphan disease status of cancer cachexia in the USA and in the European Union: A systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Anker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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