{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:47:05Z","timestamp":1790462825464,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]],"date-time":"2020-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1585526400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008792","name":"Novartis Pharma","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["100-4214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["100-4214"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008792","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Potent neuroprotective effects of photobiomodulation with 670 nm red light (RL) have been demonstrated in several models of retinal disease. RL improves mitochondrial metabolism, reduces retinal inflammation and oxidative cell stress, showing its ability to enhance visual function. However, the current knowledge is limited to the main hypothesis that the respiratory chain complex IV, cytochrome c oxidase, serves as the primary target of RL. Here, we demonstrate a comprehensive cellular, molecular, and functional characterization of neuroprotective effects of 670 nm RL and 810 nm near-infrared light (NIRL) on blue light damaged murine primary photoreceptors. We show that respiratory chain complexes I and II are additional PBM targets, besides complex IV, leading to enhanced mitochondrial energy metabolism. Accordingly, our study identified mitochondria related RL- and NIRL-triggered defense mechanisms promoting photoreceptor neuroprotection. The observed improvement of mitochondrial and extramitochondrial respiration in both inner and outer segments is linked with reduced oxidative stress including its cellular consequences and reduced mitochondria-induced apoptosis. Analysis of regulatory mechanisms using gene expression analysis identified upregulation \u03b1-crystallins that indicate enhanced production of proteins with protective functions that point to the rescued mitochondrial function. The results support the hypothesis that energy metabolism is a major target for retinal light therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072370","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,1]],"date-time":"2020-04-01T03:44:13Z","timestamp":1585712653000},"page":"2370","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":50,"title":["Photobiomodulation Mediates Neuroprotection against Blue Light Induced Retinal Photoreceptor Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Nora","family":"Heinig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t (TU) Dresden, School of Medicine, Dresden 01307, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrike","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t (TU) Dresden, School of Medicine, Dresden 01307, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Calzia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy-DIFAR, Biochemistry and Physiology Lab., University of Genoa, Genova 16132, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6261-1128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabella","family":"Panfoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy-DIFAR, Biochemistry and Physiology Lab., University of Genoa, Genova 16132, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marius","family":"Ader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), TU Dresden, Dresden 01307, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7411-8835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirko H. H.","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t (TU) Dresden, School of Medicine, Dresden 01307, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden 01309, Germany"},{"name":"German Cancer Research center (DKFZ), Heidelberg 69120, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard H. W.","family":"Funk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t (TU) Dresden, School of Medicine, Dresden 01307, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cora","family":"Roehlecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universit\u00e4t (TU) Dresden, School of Medicine, Dresden 01307, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2006.24.121","article-title":"Clinical and experimental applications of NIR-LED photobiomodulation","volume":"24","author":"Desmet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Photomed. 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