{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T22:05:14Z","timestamp":1782857114106,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification of biomarkers for early diagnosis of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is of pivotal importance for improving approaches for clinical intervention. The use of translatable animal models of pre-motor PD therefore offers optimal opportunities for novel biomarker discovery in vivo. Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) are a family of calcium-activated enzymes that contribute to protein misfolding through post-translational deimination of arginine to citrulline. Furthermore, PADs are an active regulator of extracellular vesicle (EV) release. Both protein deimination and extracellular vesicles (EVs) are gaining increased attention in relation to neurodegenerative diseases, including in PD, while roles in pre-motor PD have yet to be investigated. The current study aimed at identifying protein candidates of deimination in plasma and plasma-EVs in a rat model of pre-motor PD, to assess putative contributions of such post-translational changes in the early stages of disease. EV-cargo was further assessed for deiminated proteins as well as three key micro-RNAs known to contribute to inflammation and hypoxia (miR21, miR155, and miR210) and also associated with PD. Overall, there was a significant increase in circulating plasma EVs in the PD model compared with sham animals and inflammatory and hypoxia related microRNAs were significantly increased in plasma-EVs of the pre-motor PD model. A significantly higher number of protein candidates were deiminated in the pre-motor PD model plasma and plasma-EVs, compared with those in the sham animals. KEGG (Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes) pathways identified for deiminated proteins in the pre-motor PD model were linked to \u201cAlzheimer\u2019s disease\u201d, \u201cPD\u201d, \u201cHuntington\u2019s disease\u201d, \u201cprion diseases\u201d, as well as for \u201coxidative phosphorylation\u201d, \u201cthermogenesis\u201d, \u201cmetabolic pathways\u201d, \u201cStaphylococcus aureus infection\u201d, gap junction, \u201cplatelet activation\u201d, \u201capelin signalling\u201d, \u201cretrograde endocannabinoid signalling\u201d, \u201csystemic lupus erythematosus\u201d, and \u201cnon-alcoholic fatty liver disease\u201d. Furthermore, PD brains showed significantly increased staining for total deiminated proteins in the brain vasculature in cortex and hippocampus, as well as increased immunodetection of deiminated histone H3 in dentate gyrus and cortex. Our findings identify EVs and post-translational protein deimination as novel biomarkers in early pre-motor stages of PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082743","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,16]],"date-time":"2020-04-16T05:15:41Z","timestamp":1587014141000},"page":"2743","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Protein Deimination Signatures in Plasma and Plasma-EVs and Protein Deimination in the Brain Vasculature in a Rat Model of Pre-Motor Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Marco","family":"Sancandi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3190-8831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pinar","family":"Uysal-Onganer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Kraev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electron Microscopy Suite, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Open University, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5086-2560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Audrey","family":"Mercer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, London WC1N 1AX, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7193-3102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sigrun","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tissue Architecture and Regeneration Research Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London W1W 6XH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.10357","article-title":"PAD, a growing family of citrullinating enzymes: Genes, features and involvement in disease","volume":"25","author":"Vossenaar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2006.03.008","article-title":"Citrullination: A posttranslational modification in health and disease","volume":"38","author":"Toth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. 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