{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T03:19:07Z","timestamp":1792984747652,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]],"date-time":"2020-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587168000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["NRF-2018R1C1B5044824"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2018R1C1B5044824"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss among the elderly population. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is essential for choroidal neovascularization (CNV) development in advanced, wet AMD. Chrysin (5,7-dihydroxyflavone) is a natural flavonoid with anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-angiogenic effects. We hypothesized that intravitreally injected chrysin may inhibit CNV due to its inhibitory effect on angiogenesis. To determine the effects of chrysin on an experimental CNV model, we induced CNV in Brown Norway rats with a diode laser. One week later, rats were injected intravitreally with chrysin in the right eye and vehicle in the left eye. The following week, we evaluated chrysin\u2019s effects via the CNV grade assessed with fluorescein angiography and histologic analyses. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1\u03b1) and VEGF expression in the retina\/choroid complex were also measured in both eyes. The mean CNV grade was significantly lower in chrysin-treated vs. control eyes (2.34 \u00b1 1.14 vs. 2.97 \u00b1 1.05, p &lt; 0.001), as was the mean CNV thickness (33.90 \u00b1 4.89 vs. 38.50 \u00b1 5.43 \u03bcm, p &lt; 0.001) and mean HIF-1\u03b1 and VEGF levels (both p &lt; 0.001). Compared to chrysin-treated eyes, the relative risk of control eyes developing high-leakage lesions was 2.03 (95% confidence interval: 1.46\u20132.83). Since chrysin inhibited laser-induced CNV and downregulated HIF-1\u03b1 and VEGF expression, it is a candidate for treating wet AMD and other CNV-associated conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T04:49:38Z","timestamp":1587444578000},"page":"2842","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Inhibition of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1\u03b1 and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor by Chrysin in a Rat Model of Choroidal Neovascularization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ji Hun","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ka Young","family":"Moon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World Cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Chul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sung Soo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Institute of Vision Research, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200002173420707","article-title":"Age-related macular degeneration","volume":"342","author":"Fine","year":"2000","journal-title":"N. 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