{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T11:06:54Z","timestamp":1791976014453,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":79,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]],"date-time":"2020-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF\u20102019R1A2C2085739"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF\u20102019R1A2C2085739"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020R1A4A2002894"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020R1A4A2002894"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common and relapsing skin disease that is characterized by skin barrier dysfunction, inflammation, and chronic pruritus. While AD was previously thought to occur primarily in children, increasing evidence suggests that AD is more common in adults than previously assumed. Accumulating evidence from experimental, genetic, and clinical studies indicates that AD expression is a precondition for the later development of other atopic diseases, such as asthma, food allergies, and allergic rhinitis. Although the exact mechanisms of the disease pathogenesis remain unclear, it is evident that both cutaneous barrier dysfunction and immune dysregulation are critical etiologies of AD pathology. This review explores recent findings on AD and the possible underlying mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis, which is characterized by dysregulation of immunological and skin barrier integrity and function, supporting the idea that AD is a systemic disease. These findings provide further insights for therapeutic developments aiming to repair the skin barrier and decrease inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T04:49:38Z","timestamp":1587444578000},"page":"2867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":401,"title":["Skin Barrier Abnormalities and Immune Dysfunction in Atopic Dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9158-6531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabsik","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Jeonbuk 55338, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin Kyung","family":"Seok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21plus Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0696-1155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han Chang","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21plus Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong-Yeon","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21plus Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1055-9628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hye Suk","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21plus Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6020-3040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joo Young","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BK21plus Team, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2003.09.033","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis and the atopic march","volume":"112","author":"Spergel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. 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