{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T06:11:30Z","timestamp":1769148690059,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21EB018055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21EB018055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007343","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Brescia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ex-60%"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ex-60%"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007343","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis represents one of the main risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. Their etiologies have been studied in recent years in order to better define therapeutic targets for intervention and to identify diagnostic methods. Two different subtypes of macrophages, M1 and M2, have been described in physiological conditions. They can also be found in the atherosclerotic process, where they both have opposite roles in disease progression. Perivascular brown adipose tissue is also involved in inflammation and endothelial damage. In this work, we provide insights into the protective role of melatonin in the atherosclerotic process by morphological and 18F-FDG-PET\/CT analyses. In particular, we examined the effects of melatonin on pathways that are linked to atherosclerosis development. We showed that melatonin, by suppressing M1 activity, reduced inflammation and directed macrophage polarization toward the M2 macrophage subtype. Moreover, melatonin preserved the activity of perivascular brown adipose tissue. In addition, 18F-FDG uptake is very high in mice treated with melatonin, confirming that other factors may alter 18F-FDG distribution. In conclusion, we showed that melatonin affects inflammatory pathways that have been linked to atherosclerosis, assessed the relationships of the 18F-FDG PET\/CT parameters with macrophage markers and the production of their cytokines, which that have been defined by morphological evaluations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082920","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T02:10:52Z","timestamp":1587607852000},"page":"2920","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Beneficial Effects of Melatonin on Apolipoprotein-E Knockout Mice by Morphological and 18F-FDG PET\/CT Assessments"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Nardo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis, CA 97817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7515-5846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Rezzani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"},{"name":"Interdipartimental University Center of Research \u201cAdaptation and Regeneration of Tissues and Organs (ARTO)\u201d, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Facchetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6895-7106","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gaia","family":"Favero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomy and Physiopathology Division, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1989-3094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser Gaber","family":"Abdelhafez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis, CA 97817, USA"},{"name":"Nuclear Medicine Unit, South Egypt Cancer Institute, Assiut University, Assiut, PO 71516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramsey Derek","family":"Badawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, University of California, Davis, CA 97817, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michele","family":"Guindani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5908-6636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Youngho","family":"Seo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Pampaloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1707914","article-title":"Antiinflammatory Therapy with Canakinumab for Atherosclerotic Disease","volume":"377","author":"Ridker","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. 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