{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T12:40:26Z","timestamp":1787920826414,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Primary hyperparathyroidism is a common endocrinopathy that is mainly caused by benign parathyroid adenomas. The frequency, clinical presentation and complications of the disease show significant differences between genders, with the majority of cases being reported in postmenopausal women. Due to this gender predilection, several studies have investigated the role of sex hormones in the pathogenesis of the disease and their potential use as targets for optimal and gender-specific management. Epigenetic mechanisms that regulate gene transcription may also contribute to these differences between genders. In this review, we outline what is currently known regarding the role of sex hormones and the recent data on the role of non-coding RNAs in the differences between genders in primary hyperparathyroidism due to sporadic parathyroid adenomas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082964","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T10:46:22Z","timestamp":1587638782000},"page":"2964","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Gender Predilection in Sporadic Parathyroid Adenomas"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6501-3692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria P.","family":"Yavropoulou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medicine School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9624-6296","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athanasios D.","family":"Anastasilakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, 424 General Military Hospital, 56429 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Argyro","family":"Panagiotakou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medicine School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evanthia","family":"Kassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrinology Unit, 1st Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medicine School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Biological Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3231-3357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polyzois","family":"Makras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Research, 251 Hellenic Air Force &amp; VA General Hospital, 11525 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.4158\/EP-2018-0344","article-title":"The Clinical Presentation of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Southern European Perspective over the Last 2 Decades","volume":"24","author":"Castellano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s42000-018-0069-6","article-title":"Asymptomatic and normocalcemic hyperparathyroidism, the silent attack: a combo-endocrinology overview","volume":"18","author":"Anastasilakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Horm. 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