{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T10:36:11Z","timestamp":1782902171626,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":138,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587600000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the last years, there has been a significant growth in the literature exploring the pathophysiology of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). As an \u201cumbrella term\u201d encompassing any degree of vascular-related cognitive decline, VCI is deemed to be the most common cognitive disorder in the elderly, with a significant impact on social and healthcare expenses. Interestingly, some of the molecular, biochemical, and electrophysiological abnormalities detected in VCI seem to correlate with disease process and progression, eventually promoting an adaptive plasticity in some patients and a maladaptive, dysfunctional response in others. However, the exact relationships between vascular lesion, cognition, and neuroplasticity are not completely understood. Recent findings point out also the possibility to identify a panel of markers able to predict cognitive deterioration in the so-called \u201cbrain at risk\u201d for vascular or mixed dementia. This will be of pivotal importance when designing trials of disease-modifying drugs or non-pharmacological approaches, including non-invasive neuromodulatory techniques. Taken together, these advances could make VCI a potentially preventable cause of both vascular and degenerative dementia in late life. This review provides a timely update on the recent serological, cerebrospinal fluid, histopathological, imaging, and neurophysiological studies on this \u201ccutting-edge\u201d topic, including the limitations, future perspectives and translational implications in the diagnosis and management of VCI patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21082977","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]],"date-time":"2020-04-23T10:46:22Z","timestamp":1587638782000},"page":"2977","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Update on the Neurobiology of Vascular Cognitive Impairment: From Lab to Clinic"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Luisa","family":"Vinciguerra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5659-662X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lanza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery and Medical-Surgical Specialties, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurology IC, Oasi Research Institute \u2013 IRCCS, 94018 Troina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Puglisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Stroke Unit, ASST Cremona, 26100 Cremona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1579-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Fisicaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manuela","family":"Pennisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8332-6863","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Bella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9072-4971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariagiovanna","family":"Cantone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Sant\u2019Elia Hospital, ASP Caltanissetta, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S197032","article-title":"Vascular cognitive impairment: Pathophysiological mechanisms, insights into structural basis, and perspectives in specific treatments","volume":"15","author":"Parfenov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. 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