{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T23:44:34Z","timestamp":1790379874997,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587686400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spinal sarcopenia is a complex and multifactorial disorder associated with a loss of strength, increased frailty, and increased risks of fractures and falls. In addition, spinal sarcopenia has been associated with lumbar spine disorders and osteoporosis, which renders making decisions on treatment modalities difficult. Patients with spinal sarcopenia typically exhibit lower cumulative survival, a higher risk of in-hospital complications, prolonged hospital stays, higher postoperative costs, and higher rates of blood transfusion after thoracolumbar spine surgery. Several studies have focused on the relationships between spinal sarcopenia, appendicular muscle mass, and bone-related problems\u2014such as osteoporotic fractures and low bone mineral density\u2014and malnutrition and vitamin D deficiency. Although several techniques are available for measuring sarcopenia, each of them has its advantages and shortcomings. For treating spinal sarcopenia, nutrition, physical therapy, and medication have been proven to be effective; regenerative therapeutic options seem to be promising owing to their repair and regeneration potential. Therefore, in this narrative review, we summarize the characteristics, detection methodologies, and treatment options for spinal sarcopenia, as well as its role in spinal disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21083010","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]],"date-time":"2020-04-24T11:42:14Z","timestamp":1587728534000},"page":"3010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Novel Insights into the Pathogenesis of Spinal Sarcopenia and Related Therapeutic Approaches: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Yu-Kai","family":"Kuo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2318-8507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Ching","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging and Intervention, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung &amp; Chang Gung University, College of Medicine, Keelung 20401, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ching-Yu","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Yu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan"},{"name":"Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jowy","family":"Tani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11696, Taiwan"},{"name":"Ph.D. Program for Neural Regenerative Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University and National Health Research Institutes, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Jen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsi","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1606-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng-Huang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Stanford Byers Center for Biodesign, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B267","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/52A.5.B267","article-title":"Age-associated loss of power and strength in the upper extremities in women and men","volume":"52","author":"Metter","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. 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