{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T17:08:27Z","timestamp":1783098507606,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]],"date-time":"2020-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Carduso Capital B.V","award":["n.a."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n.a."]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013405","name":"Netherlands Enterprise Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IK17080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IK17080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013405","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The identification of biomarkers associated with major depressive disorder (MDD) holds great promise to develop an objective laboratory test. However, current biomarkers lack discriminative power due to the complex biological background, and not much is known about the influence of potential modifiers such as gender. We first performed a cross-sectional study on the discriminative power of biomarkers for MDD by investigating gender differences in biomarker levels. Out of 28 biomarkers, 21 biomarkers were significantly different between genders. Second, a novel statistical approach was applied to investigate the effect of gender on MDD disease classification using a panel of biomarkers. Eleven biomarkers were identified in men and eight in women, three of which were active in both genders. Gender stratification caused a (non-significant) increase of Area Under Curve (AUC) for men (AUC = 0.806) and women (AUC = 0.807) compared to non-stratification (AUC = 0.739). In conclusion, we have shown that there are differences in biomarker levels between men and women which may impact accurate disease classification of MDD when gender is not taken into account.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T05:05:32Z","timestamp":1588050332000},"page":"3039","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Gender Differences in Developing Biomarker-Based Major Depressive Disorder Diagnostics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4029-7876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mike C.","family":"Jentsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brainscan BV, 7418 AH Deventer, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6484-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huibert","family":"Burger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Practice, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjolein B. M.","family":"Meddens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brainscan BV, 7418 AH Deventer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0617-017X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lian","family":"Beijers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edwin R.","family":"van den Heuvel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5612 AZ Eindhoven, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcus J. M.","family":"Meddens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brainscan BV, 7418 AH Deventer, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert A.","family":"Schoevers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Research School of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurosciences, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)31948-2","article-title":"Depression","volume":"392","author":"Malhi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"92","article-title":"REPORTS Depression: The Benefits of Early and Appropriate Treatment \u00a9 Ascend Media","volume":"13","author":"Halfin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. 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