{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T04:49:26Z","timestamp":1780116566636,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Energy Conservation Promotion Fund from the Energy Policy and Planning Office, Ministry of Energy, Thailand","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"Grant for Join Funding, Ratchadaphiseksomphot Endowment Fund, Chulalongkorn University","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]},{"name":"The Energy Storage Cluster of Chulalongkorn University","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, rechargeable zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have gained a considerable amount of attention due to their high safety, low toxicity, abundance, and low cost. Traditionally, a composite manganese oxide (MnO2) and a conductive carbon having a polymeric binder are used as a positive electrode. In general, a binder is employed to bond all materials together and to prevent detachment and dissolution of the active materials. Herein, the synthesis of \u03b1-MnO2 nanowires on carbon cloth via a simple one-step hydrothermal process and its electrochemical performance, as a binder-free cathode in aqueous and nonaqueous-based ZIBs, is duly reported. Morphological and elemental analyses reveal a single crystal \u03b1-MnO2 having homogeneous nanowire morphology with preferential growth along {001}. It is significant that analysis of the electrochemical performance of the \u03b1-MnO2 nanowires demonstrates more stable capacity and superior cyclability in a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) electrolyte ZIB than in an aqueous electrolyte system. This is because DMSO can prevent irreversible proton insertion as well as unfavorable dendritic zinc deposition. The application of the binder-free \u03b1-MnO2 nanowires cathode in DMSO can promote follow-up research on the high cyclability of ZIBs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T10:30:58Z","timestamp":1588069858000},"page":"3113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Binder-Free \u03b1-MnO2 Nanowires on Carbon Cloth as Cathode Material for Zinc-Ion Batteries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Ryan Dula","family":"Corpuz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyn Marie","family":"De Juan-Corpuz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines"},{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1015, Philippines"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5436-123X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai Thanh","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7371-204X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tetsu","family":"Yonezawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Materials Science and Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Business-Regional Collaborations, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng-Liang","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8943-8273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anongnat","family":"Somwangthanaroj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3129-2750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Soorathep","family":"Kheawhom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"},{"name":"Research Unit of Advanced Materials for Energy Storage, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Song, K., Zhang, X., Hu, N., Li, L., Li, W., Zhang, L., and Zhang, H. (2019). Safety Issues in Lithium Ion Batteries: Materials and Cell Design. Front. Energy Res., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2019.00065"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ouyang, D., Chen, M., Huang, Q., Weng, J., Wang, Z., and Wang, J. (2019). A Review on the Thermal Hazards of the Lithium-Ion Battery and the Corresponding Countermeasures. Appl. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/app9122483"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ould Ely, T., Kamzabek, D., and Chakraborty, D. (2019). Batteries Safety: Recent Progress and Current Challenges. Front. Energy Res., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2019.00071"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A5075","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0131903jes","article-title":"Na2SeO3: A Na-Ion Battery Positive Electrode Material with High Capacity","volume":"166","author":"Su","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, R., Tutusaus, O., Mohtadi, R., and Ling, C. (2018). Magnesium-Sodium Hybrid Battery With High Voltage, Capacity and Cyclability. Front. Chem., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2018.00611"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leisegang, T., Meutzner, F., Zschornak, M., M\u00fcnchgesang, W., Schmid, R., Nestler, T., Eremin, R.A., Kabanov, A.A., Blatov, V.A., and Meyer, D.C. (2019). The Aluminum-Ion Battery: A Sustainable and Seminal Concept?. Front. Chem., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00268"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2015.08.004","article-title":"Recent developments in materials for aluminum\u2013air batteries: A review","volume":"32","author":"Mokhtar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ling, C., and Zhang, R. (2017). Manganese Dioxide As Rechargeable Magnesium Battery Cathode. Front. Energy Res., 5.","DOI":"10.3389\/fenrg.2017.00030"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A3139","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0131914jes","article-title":"Mg-RE Alloy Anode Materials for Mg-Air Battery Application","volume":"166","author":"Shrestha","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14083","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14083","article-title":"High power rechargeable magnesium\/iodine battery chemistry","volume":"8","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A859","DOI":"10.1149\/2.1511704jes","article-title":"Printed Transparent Thin Film Zn-MnO2 Battery","volume":"164","author":"Julaphatachote","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Juan-Corpuz, L.M., Corpuz, R.D., Somwangthanaroj, A., Nguyen, M.T., Yonezawa, T., Ma, J., and Kheawhom, S. (2019). Binder-Free Centimeter-Long V2O5 Nanofibers on Carbon Cloth as Cathode Material for Zinc-Ion Batteries. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13010031"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14958","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51412-5","article-title":"The Influence of Dimethyl Sulfoxide as Electrolyte Additive on Anodic Dissolution of Alkaline Zinc-Air Flow Battery","volume":"9","author":"Hosseini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1007\/s41918-019-00035-5","article-title":"Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Zinc-Ion and Zinc-Air Batteries: Current Status and Future Perspectives","volume":"2","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electrochem. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2620","DOI":"10.1021\/acsenergylett.8b01552","article-title":"Present and Future Perspective on Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Zinc-Ion Batteries","volume":"3","author":"Konarov","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Energy Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasi, A., Hosseini, S., Somwangthanaroj, A., Mohamad, A.A., and Kheawhom, S. (2019). Poly(2,6-Dimethyl-1,4-Phenylene Oxide)-Based Hydroxide Exchange Separator Membranes for Zinc\u2013Air Battery. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20153678"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yao, S., Sun, X., Xiao, M., Cheng, J., and Shen, Y. (2019). Equivalent Circuit Model Construction and Dynamic Flow Optimization Based on Zinc\u2013Nickel Single-Flow Battery. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12040582"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11273","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29630-0","article-title":"Ethanol as an electrolyte additive for alkaline zinc-air flow batteries","volume":"8","author":"Hosseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Poolnapol, L., Kao-ian, W., Somwangthanaroj, A., Mahlendorf, F., Nguyen, M.T., Yonezawa, T., and Kheawhom, S. (2020). Silver Decorated Reduced Graphene Oxide as Electrocatalyst for Zinc\u2013Air Batteries. Energies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/en13020462"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1039\/C8EE02825G","article-title":"Highly stable zinc\u2013iodine single flow batteries with super high energy density for stationary energy storage","volume":"12","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1069","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0591706jes","article-title":"Zinc-Iron Flow Batteries with Common Electrolyte","volume":"164","author":"Selverston","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gee.2017.10.001","article-title":"Progress in aqueous rechargeable batteries","volume":"3","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Green Energy Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18708","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA06433H","article-title":"Rechargeable aqueous hybrid ion batteries: Developments and prospects","volume":"7","author":"Ao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1007\/s11367-016-1131-8","article-title":"A global life cycle assessment for primary zinc production","volume":"21","author":"Wildnauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Life Cycle Assess."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nanoen.2019.05.059","article-title":"Advanced rechargeable zinc-based batteries: Recent progress and future perspectives","volume":"62","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano Energy"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2018.04.008","article-title":"Prussian Blue Analogs for Rechargeable Batteries","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400930","DOI":"10.1002\/aenm.201400930","article-title":"Towards High-Voltage Aqueous Metal-Ion Batteries Beyond 1.5 V: The Zinc\/Zinc Hexacyanoferrate System","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18263","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18263","article-title":"Morphology-Dependent Electrochemical Performance of Zinc Hexacyanoferrate Cathode for Zinc-Ion Battery","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A480","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0081904jes","article-title":"Structural Modification of V2O5 as High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Ion Battery Cathode","volume":"166","author":"Tang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4457","DOI":"10.1039\/C8CC02250J","article-title":"Investigation of V2O5 as a low-cost rechargeable aqueous zinc ion battery cathode","volume":"54","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EE03702K","article-title":"A highly reversible neutral zinc\/manganese battery for stationary energy storage","volume":"13","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Julien, M.C., and Mauger, A. (2017). Nanostructured MnO2 as Electrode Materials for Energy Storage. Nanomaterials, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano7110396"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14909","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-32806-3","article-title":"Discharge Performance of Zinc-Air Flow Batteries Under the Effects of Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Pluronic F-127","volume":"8","author":"Hosseini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5429","DOI":"10.1039\/C9DT00520J","article-title":"Effectiveness of phase- and morphology-controlled MnO2 nanomaterials derived from flower-like \u03b4-MnO2 as alternative cathode catalyst in microbial fuel cells","volume":"48","author":"Valipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-019-0178-3","article-title":"Discharge performance and dynamic behavior of refuellable zinc-air battery","volume":"6","author":"Olaru","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A3575","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0101915jes","article-title":"Silver-Containing \u03b1-MnO2 Nanorods: Electrochemistry in Rechargeable Aqueous Zn-MnO2 Batteries","volume":"166","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, S., Sahoo, R.K., Shinde, N.M., Yun, J.M., Mane, R.S., and Kim, K.H. (2019). Synthesis of Bi2O3-MnO2 Nanocomposite Electrode for Wide-Potential Window High Performance Supercapacitor. Energies, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/en12173320"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, D., Xie, X., Zhang, Y., Zhang, D., Du, W., Zhang, X., and Wang, B. (2020). MnO2\/Carbon Composites for Supercapacitor: Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance. Front. Mater., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmats.2020.00002"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13727","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA03541A","article-title":"Zinc ion stabilized MnO2 nanospheres for high capacity and long lifespan aqueous zinc-ion batteries","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16039","DOI":"10.1038\/nenergy.2016.39","article-title":"Reversible aqueous zinc\/manganese oxide energy storage from conversion reactions","volume":"1","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Energy"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8441","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44915-8","article-title":"\u03b4-MnO2 nanoflower\/graphite cathode for rechargeable aqueous zinc ion batteries","volume":"9","author":"Khamsanga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1038\/s41528-018-0034-0","article-title":"Flexible high energy density zinc-ion batteries enabled by binder-free MnO2\/reduced graphene oxide electrode","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"NPJ Flex. Electron."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2014.04.001","article-title":"Preparation and Characterization of MnO2\/acid-treated CNT Nanocomposites for Energy Storage with Zinc Ions","volume":"133","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16330","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA04798K","article-title":"Binder-free hierarchical VS2 electrodes for high-performance aqueous Zn ion batteries towards commercial level mass loading","volume":"7","author":"Jiao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19723","DOI":"10.1039\/C9NR07458A","article-title":"Binder-free V2O5\/CNT paper electrode for high rate performance zinc ion battery","volume":"11","author":"Yin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15107","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-51692-x","article-title":"Annealing induced a well-ordered single crystal \u03b4-MnO2 and its electrochemical performance in zinc-ion battery","volume":"9","author":"Corpuz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20519","DOI":"10.1039\/C9TA04735B","article-title":"Rechargeable aqueous electrolyte batteries: From univalent to multivalent cation chemistry","volume":"7","author":"Palacin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1021\/acsaem.9b01554","article-title":"Proton Inserted Manganese Dioxides as a Reversible Cathode for Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries","volume":"3","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Energy Mater."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32978","DOI":"10.1021\/acsami.9b10399","article-title":"Ultrafast Rechargeable Zinc Battery Based on High-Voltage Graphite Cathode and Stable Nonaqueous Electrolyte","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4303","DOI":"10.1021\/cr030203g","article-title":"Nonaqueous Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium-Based Rechargeable Batteries","volume":"104","author":"Xu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11322","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA00765B","article-title":"Rechargeable aluminum batteries: Effects of cations in ionic liquid electrolytes","volume":"9","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A1063","DOI":"10.1149\/2.0641906jes","article-title":"Rechargeable Zinc-Ion Battery Based on Choline Chloride-Urea Deep Eutectic Solvent","volume":"166","author":"Pornprasertsuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Electrochem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2553","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-018-04917-y","article-title":"Understanding crystallization pathways leading to manganese oxide polymorph formation","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14020","DOI":"10.1021\/jp8113094","article-title":"Electrochemical Performance of MnO2 Nanorods in Neutral Aqueous Electrolytes as a Cathode for Asymmetric Supercapacitors","volume":"113","author":"Qu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14925","DOI":"10.1021\/jp074464w","article-title":"Pseudocapacitive Contributions to Electrochemical Energy Storage in TiO2 (Anatase) Nanoparticles","volume":"111","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1039\/C9EE00596J","article-title":"Long-life and deeply rechargeable aqueous Zn anodes enabled by a multifunctional brightener-inspired interphase","volume":"12","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Energy Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s40820-019-0322-9","article-title":"Recent Progress on Zinc-Ion Rechargeable Batteries","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nano-Micro Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00467-x","article-title":"Rechargeable aqueous zinc-manganese dioxide batteries with high energy and power densities","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/9\/3113\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T13:32:12Z","timestamp":1760362332000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/21\/9\/3113"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms21093113"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms21093113","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]]}}}