{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T23:39:55Z","timestamp":1793489995749,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,28]],"date-time":"2020-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010661","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["825161"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["825161"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010661","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The test methods that currently exist for the identification of thyroid hormone system-disrupting chemicals are woefully inadequate. There are currently no internationally validated in vitro assays, and test methods that can capture the consequences of diminished or enhanced thyroid hormone action on the developing brain are missing entirely. These gaps put the public at risk and risk assessors in a difficult position. Decisions about the status of chemicals as thyroid hormone system disruptors currently are based on inadequate toxicity data. The ATHENA project (Assays for the identification of Thyroid Hormone axis-disrupting chemicals: Elaborating Novel Assessment strategies) has been conceived to address these gaps. The project will develop new test methods for the disruption of thyroid hormone transport across biological barriers such as the blood\u2013brain and blood\u2013placenta barriers. It will also devise methods for the disruption of the downstream effects on the brain. ATHENA will deliver a testing strategy based on those elements of the thyroid hormone system that, when disrupted, could have the greatest impact on diminished or enhanced thyroid hormone action and therefore should be targeted through effective testing. To further enhance the impact of the ATHENA test method developments, the project will develop concepts for better international collaboration and development in the area of thyroid hormone system disruptor identification and regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093123","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,29]],"date-time":"2020-04-29T01:29:15Z","timestamp":1588123755000},"page":"3123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Removing Critical Gaps in Chemical Test Methods by Developing New Assays for the Identification of Thyroid Hormone System-Disrupting Chemicals\u2014The ATHENA Project"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kortenkamp","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Axelstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Asma H.","family":"Baig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c5ke","family":"Bergman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science and Technology, Orebro University, SE-701 82 Orebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carl-Gustaf","family":"Bornehag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences, Karlstad University, SE-651 88 Karlstad, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Cenijn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, VUA, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sofie","family":"Christiansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Demeneix","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Mus\u00e9um national d\u2019Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 7, rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arash","family":"Derakhshan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Baptiste","family":"Fini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit\u00e9 PhyMA Laboratory, Adaptation du Vivant, Mus\u00e9um national d\u2019Histoire naturelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS 7, rue Cuvier, F-75005 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Fr\u00e4drich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Endocrinology, Charit\u0117 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5733-3290","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timo","family":"Hamers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, VUA, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Hellwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Charit\u00e9-BIH Centrum Therapy and Research, BIH Stem Cell Core Facility, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9187-9078","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Josef","family":"K\u00f6hrle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Endocrinology, Charit\u0117 - Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, D-13353 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim I.M.","family":"Korevaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Lindberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of C4hemical Process and Pharmaceutical Development, Research Institutes Sweden, RISE, SE-151 36 Sodertalje, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olwenn","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environment, Health and Societies, Brunel University London, Uxbridge UB8 3PH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcel E.","family":"Meima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Academic Center for Thyroid Diseases, Erasmus Medical Centre, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9753-6711","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp","family":"Mergenthaler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Experimental Neurology, Dept. of Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, D-10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Berlin Institute of Health, D-10178 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolai","family":"Nikolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. 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