{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T12:27:59Z","timestamp":1793190479498,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":247,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]],"date-time":"2020-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BFU2017-82754-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BFU2017-82754-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012619","name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CB16\/10\/00383"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CB16\/10\/00383"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are sexual differences in the onset, prevalence, and outcome of numerous neurological diseases. Thus, in Alzheimer\u2019s disease, multiple sclerosis, and major depression disorder, the incidence in women is higher than in men. In contrast, men are more likely to present other pathologies, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson\u2019s disease, and autism spectrum. Although the neurological contribution to these diseases has classically always been studied, the truth is that neurons are not the only cells to be affected, and there are other cells, such as glial cells, that are also involved and could be key to understanding the development of these pathologies. Sexual differences exist not only in pathology but also in physiological processes, which shows how cells are differentially regulated in males and females. One of the reasons these sexual differences may occur could be due to the different action of sex hormones. Many studies have shown an increase in aromatase levels in the brain, which could indicate the main role of estrogens in modulating proinflammatory processes. This review will highlight data about sex differences in glial physiology and how estrogenic compounds, such as estradiol and tibolone, could be used as treatment in neurological diseases due to their anti-inflammatory effects and the ability to modulate glial cell functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093219","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,4]],"date-time":"2020-05-04T14:00:43Z","timestamp":1588600843000},"page":"3219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Microglial and Astrocytic Function in Physiological and Pathological Conditions: Estrogenic Modulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Andrea","family":"Crespo-Castrillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4303-9576","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Angeles","family":"Arevalo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Cajal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas (CSIC), Avenida Doctor Arce, 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludables (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"58","article-title":"Immunity to homologous grafted skin; the fate of skin homografts transplanted to the brain, to subcutaneous tissue, and to the anterior chamber of the eye","volume":"29","author":"Medawar","year":"1948","journal-title":"Br. 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