{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,14]],"date-time":"2026-06-14T15:48:40Z","timestamp":1781452120557,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":124,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589155200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are monoclonal antibodies that activate the immune system, aiming at enhancing antitumor immunity. Their clinical efficacy is well-documented, but the side effects associated with their use are still under investigation. These drugs cause several immune-related adverse events (ir-AEs), some of which stand within the field of rheumatology. Herein, we present a literature review performed in an effort to evaluate all publicly available clinical data regarding rheumatic manifestations associated with ICIs. The most common musculoskeletal ir-AEs are inflammatory arthritis, polymyalgia rheumatica and myositis. Non-musculoskeletal rheumatic manifestations are less frequent, with the most prominent being sicca, vasculitides and sarcoidosis. Cases of systemic lupus erythematosus or scleroderma are extremely rare. The majority of musculoskeletal ir-AEs are of mild\/moderate severity and can be managed with steroids with no need for ICI discontinuation. In severe cases, more intense immunosuppressive therapy and permanent ICI discontinuation may be employed. Oncologists should periodically screen patients receiving ICIs for new-onset inflammatory musculoskeletal complaints and seek a rheumatology consultation in cases of persisting symptoms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21093389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]],"date-time":"2020-05-11T12:26:30Z","timestamp":1589199990000},"page":"3389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Rheumatic Manifestations in Patients Treated with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4891-0623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Melissaropoulos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Agios Andreas General Hospital, 26335 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalliopi","family":"Klavdianou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, \u201cAsklepieion\u201d General Hospital, 16673 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Filippopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, 26500 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fotini","family":"Kalofonou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SHO-Clinical Fellow in Medical Oncology, Imperial Healthcare NHS Trust, London W21NY, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haralabos","family":"Kalofonos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oncology, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, 26500 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8027-3655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Daoussis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rheumatology, Patras University Hospital, University of Patras Medical School, 26500 Patras, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.03.045","article-title":"Immunotherapy: The path to win the war on cancer?","volume":"161","author":"Topalian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2015.03.001","article-title":"Immune checkpoint blockade: A common denominator approach to cancer therapy","volume":"27","author":"Topalian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"854","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.210","article-title":"The clinical trial landscape for PD1\/PDl1 immune checkpoint inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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