{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T09:50:09Z","timestamp":1790675409452,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF- 2019R1A2C2004884, NRF- 2020R1A2C1007575 and NRF-2020R1C1C1005423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF- 2019R1A2C2004884, NRF- 2020R1A2C1007575 and NRF-2020R1C1C1005423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Activation of CX3CR1 in microglia plays an important role in the development of neuropathic pain. Here, we investigated whether neuropathic pain could be attenuated in spinal nerve ligation (SNL)-induced rats by reducing microglial activation through the use of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA)-encapsulated CX3CR1 small-interfering RNA (siRNA) nanoparticles. After confirming the efficacy and specificity of CX3CR1 siRNA, as evidenced by its anti-inflammatory effects in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 cells in vitro, PLGA-encapsulated CX3CR1 siRNA nanoparticles were synthesized by sonication using the conventional double emulsion (W\/O\/W) method and administered intrathecally into SNL rats. CX3CR1 siRNA-treated rats exhibited significant reductions in the activation of microglia in the spinal dorsal horn and a downregulation of proinflammatory mediators, as well as a significant attenuation of mechanical allodynia. These data indicate that the PLGA-encapsulated CX3CR1 siRNA nanoparticles effectively reduce neuropathic pain in SNL-induced rats by reducing microglial activity and the expression of proinflammatory mediators. Therefore, we believe that PLGA-encapsulated CX3CR1 siRNA nanoparticles represent a valuable new treatment option for neuropathic pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103469","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]],"date-time":"2020-05-14T10:27:19Z","timestamp":1589452039000},"page":"3469","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["CX3CR1-Targeted PLGA Nanoparticles Reduce Microglia Activation and Pain Behavior in Rats with Spinal Nerve Ligation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Chan","family":"Noh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3530-101X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hyo Jung","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, 3 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 4 Brain Research Institute, School of medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seounghun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Song I","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, 3 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 4 Brain Research Institute, School of medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoon-Hee","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Won Hyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7691-1394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dong Woon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Science, 3 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 4 Brain Research Institute, School of medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6124-5138","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sun Yeul","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young Kwon","family":"Ko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, 282 Munhwa-ro, Jung-gu, Daejeon 35015, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.06.017","article-title":"A new definition of neuropathic pain","volume":"152","author":"Jensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2006.11.003","article-title":"Role of the CX3CR1\/p38 MAPK pathway in spinal microglia for the development of neuropathic pain following nerve injury-induced cleavage of fractalkine","volume":"21","author":"Zhuang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain Behav. 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