{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T12:37:07Z","timestamp":1791981427089,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Duke-NUS Academic Clinical Program Grant","award":["NMRC-OFYIRG16may012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC-OFYIRG16may012"]}]},{"name":"Duke-NUS Academic Clinical Program Grant","award":["Nil"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Nil"]}]},{"name":"Singapore Ministry of Health\u2019s National Medical Research Council","award":["NMRC\/CG\/M003\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NMRC\/CG\/M003\/2017"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Endometriosis is a common inflammatory gynecological disorder which causes pelvic scarring, pain, and infertility, characterized by the implantation of endometrial-like lesions outside the uterus. The peritoneum, ovaries, and deep soft tissues are the commonly involved sites, and endometriotic lesions can be classified into three subphenotypes: superficial peritoneal endometriosis (PE), ovarian endometrioma (OE), and deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE). In 132 women diagnosed laparoscopically with and without endometriosis (n = 73, 59 respectively), and stratified into PE, OE, and DIE, peritoneal fluids (PF) were characterized for 48 cytokines by using multiplex immunoassays. Partial-least-squares-regression analysis revealed distinct subphenotype cytokine signatures\u2014a six-cytokine signature distinguishing PE from OE, a seven-cytokine signature distinguishing OE from DIE, and a six-cytokine-signature distinguishing PE from DIE\u2014each associated with different patterns of biological processes, signaling events, and immunology. These signatures describe endometriosis better than disease stages (p &lt; 0.0001). Pathway analysis revealed the association of ERK1 and 2, AKT, MAPK, and STAT4 linked to angiogenesis, cell proliferation, migration, and inflammation in the subphenotypes. These data shed new insights on the pathophysiology of endometriosis subphenotypes, with the potential to exploit the cytokine signatures to stratify endometriosis patients for targeted therapies and biomarker discovery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]],"date-time":"2020-05-15T10:53:59Z","timestamp":1589540039000},"page":"3515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Peritoneal Fluid Cytokines Reveal New Insights of Endometriosis Subphenotypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Jieliang","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational \u2018Omics and Biomarkers group, KK Research Centre, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernard Su Min","family":"Chern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"},{"name":"OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6852-4570","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Barton-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore 169608, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessie Wai Leng","family":"Phoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, KKH, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tse Yeun","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, KKH, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronique","family":"Viardot-Foucault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, KKH, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chee Wai","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"},{"name":"OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heng Hao","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, KKH, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerry Kok Yen","family":"Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"},{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine, KKH, Singapore 229899, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2723-2023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yie Hou","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational \u2018Omics and Biomarkers group, KK Research Centre, KK Women\u2019s and Children\u2019s Hospital, Singapore 229899, Singapore"},{"name":"OBGYN-Academic Clinical Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore 169857, Singapore"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (2006). 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