{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:21:36Z","timestamp":1787952096299,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":178,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is now more than a century since Albert Calmette from the Institut Pasteur changed the world of envenomation by demonstrating that antibodies raised against animal venoms have the ability to treat human victims of previously fatal bites or stings. Moreover, the research initiated at that time effectively launched the discipline of toxicology, first leading to the search for toxic venom components, followed by the demonstration of venoms that also contained compounds of therapeutic value. Interest from pharmaceutical companies to treat envenomation is, however, declining, mainly for economic reasons, and hence, the World Health Organization has reclassified this public health issue to be a highest priority concern. While the production, storage, and safety of antivenom sera suffer from major inconveniences, alternative chemical and technological approaches to the problem of envenomation need to be considered that bypass the use of antibodies for toxin neutralization. Herein, we review an emerging strategy that relies on the use of aptamers and discuss how close\u2014or otherwise\u2014we are to finding a viable alternative to the use of antibodies for the therapy of human envenomation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103565","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]],"date-time":"2020-05-18T11:34:14Z","timestamp":1589801654000},"page":"3565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Diagnostic and Therapeutic Value of Aptamers in Envenomation Cases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Steven","family":"Asco\u00ebt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"L\u2019institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, F-44007 Nantes, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2782-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"De Waard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"L\u2019institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, F-44007 Nantes, France"},{"name":"LabEx Ion Channels, Science &amp; Therapeutics, F-06560 Valbonne, France"},{"name":"Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des Platanes, F-38120 Saint-Egr\u00e8ve, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.1859.399","article-title":"The treatment of animals poisoned with snake venom by the injection of antivenomous serum","volume":"2","author":"Calmette","year":"1896","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0041-0101(99)00086-0","article-title":"Doctor Albert Calmette 1863-1933: founder of antivenomous serotherapy and of antituberculous BCG vaccination","volume":"37","author":"Hawgood","year":"1999","journal-title":"Toxicon."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Calmette, A. 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