{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T12:13:50Z","timestamp":1776687230070,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]],"date-time":"2020-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science","award":["19K18503"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19K18503"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteoarthritis (OA) is a major joint disease that promotes locomotor deficiency during the middle- to old-age, with the associated disability potentially decreasing quality of life. Recently, surgical strategies to reconstruct both articular cartilage and subchondral bone for OA have been diligently investigated for restoring joint structure and function. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (AT-MSCs), which maintain pluripotency and self-proliferation ability, have recently received attention as a useful tool to regenerate osteocartilage for OA. In this review, several studies were described related to AT-MSC spheroids, with scaffold and scaffold-free three-dimensional (3D) constructs produced using \u201cmold\u201d or \u201cKenzan\u201d methods for osteochondral regeneration. First, several examples of articular cartilage regeneration using AT-MSCs were introduced. Second, studies of osteochondral regeneration (not only cartilage but also subchondral bone) using AT-MSCs were described. Third, examples were presented wherein spheroids were produced using AT-MSCs for cartilage regeneration. Fourth, osteochondral regeneration following autologous implantation of AT-MSC scaffold-free 3D constructs, fabricated using the \u201cmold\u201d or \u201cKenzan\u201d method, was considered. Finally, prospects of osteochondral regeneration by scaffold-free 3D constructs using AT-MSC spheroids were discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21103589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,20]],"date-time":"2020-05-20T02:48:24Z","timestamp":1589942904000},"page":"3589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Osteochondral Regeneration Using Adipose Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Daiki","family":"Murata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryota","family":"Fujimoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Nabeshima 5-1-1, Saga 849-8501, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Nakayama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Regenerative Medicine Research, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Honjo-machi, Saga 840-8502, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1038\/ncb3067","article-title":"A subset of chondrogenic cells provides early mesenchymal progenitors in growing bones","volume":"16","author":"Ono","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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